Deep Eyedentification: Biometric Identification using Micro-Movements of the Eye
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Abstract (arXiv)
We study involuntary micro-movements of the eye for biometric identification. While prior studies extract lower-frequency macro-movements from the output of video-based eye-tracking systems and engineer explicit features of these macro-movements, we develop a deep convolutional architecture that processes the raw eye-tracking signal. Compared to prior work, the network attains a lower error rate by one order of magnitude and is faster by two orders of magnitude: it identifies users accurately within seconds.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2023ScanDL: A Diffusion Model for Generating Synthetic Scanpaths on Textscited by 14
- 2021Eye Know You: Metric Learning for End-to-end Biometric Authentication Using Eye Movements from a Longitudinal Datasetcited by 11
- 2022Eye-tracking based classification of Mandarin Chinese readers with and without dyslexia using neural sequence modelscited by 10
- 2024EmMixformer: Mix transformer for eye movement recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Fine-Grained Prediction of Reading Comprehension from Eye Movementscited by 9
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understandingcited by 8
- 2024Decoding Reading Goals from Eye Movementscited by 6
- 2024EMTeC: A Corpus of Eye Movements on Machine-Generated Textscited by 5
- 2024Reporting Eye-Tracking Data Quality: Towards a New Standardcited by 4
- 2024Establishing a Baseline for Gaze-driven Authentication Performance in VR: A Breadth-First Investigation on a Very Large Datasetcited by 4
- 2024Relax DARTS: Relaxing the Constraints of Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognitioncited by 4
- 2021An Extensive Study of User Identification via Eye Movements across Multiple Datasetscited by 3
13 more
- 2022Eye Know You Too: A DenseNet Architecture for End-to-end Eye Movement Biometricscited by 3
- 2024Temporal Persistence and Intercorrelation of Embeddings Learned by an End-to-End Deep Learning Eye Movement-driven Biometrics Pipelinecited by 2
- 2024Reverse-Engineering the Readercited by 2
- 2025Ocular Authentication: Fusion of Gaze and Periocular Modalitiescited by 2
- 2023Bridging the Gap: Gaze Events as Interpretable Concepts to Explain Deep Neural Sequence Modelscited by 1
- 2024EM-DARTS: Hierarchical Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025D'ej`a Vu? Decoding Repeated Reading from Eye Movementscited by 1
- 2025Eye Tracking Based Cognitive Evaluation of Automatic Readability Assessment Methodscited by 1
- 2023Revising with a Backward Glance: Regressions and Skips during Reading as Cognitive Signals for Revision Policies in Incremental Processingcited by 0
- 2025Decoding Open-Ended Information Seeking Goals from Eye Movements in Readingcited by 0
- 2025Gaze Authentication: Factors Influencing Authentication Performancecited by 0
- 2026Eyettention II: A Dual-Sequence Architecture for Modeling Fixation Location, Within-Word Landing Position, and Fixation Duration in Readingcited by 0
- 2026Language Proficiency Assessment from Eye Movements in Naturalistic Passage Readingcited by 0
- 2026Language Proficiency Assessment from Eye Movements in Naturalistic Passage Reading31 Aug 2026
- 2026Eyettention II: A Dual-Sequence Architecture for Modeling Fixation Location, Within-Word Landing Position, and Fixation Duration in Reading1 Jun 2026
- 2025Gaze Authentication: Factors Influencing Authentication Performance13 Sep 2025
- 2025Ocular Authentication: Fusion of Gaze and Periocular Modalities22 May 2025
- 2025Decoding Open-Ended Information Seeking Goals from Eye Movements in Reading4 May 2025
- 2025Eye Tracking Based Cognitive Evaluation of Automatic Readability Assessment Methods16 Feb 2025
- 2025D'ej`a Vu? Decoding Repeated Reading from Eye Movements16 Feb 2025
- 2024Decoding Reading Goals from Eye Movements28 Oct 2024
- 2024Reverse-Engineering the Reader16 Oct 2024
- 2024Fine-Grained Prediction of Reading Comprehension from Eye Movements6 Oct 2024
- 2024EM-DARTS: Hierarchical Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognition22 Sep 2024
- 2024Relax DARTS: Relaxing the Constraints of Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognition18 Sep 2024
13 more
- 2024EMTeC: A Corpus of Eye Movements on Machine-Generated Texts8 Aug 2024
- 2024Establishing a Baseline for Gaze-driven Authentication Performance in VR: A Breadth-First Investigation on a Very Large Dataset17 Apr 2024
- 2024Reporting Eye-Tracking Data Quality: Towards a New Standard31 Mar 2024
- 2024Temporal Persistence and Intercorrelation of Embeddings Learned by an End-to-End Deep Learning Eye Movement-driven Biometrics Pipeline26 Feb 2024
- 2024EmMixformer: Mix transformer for eye movement recognition10 Jan 2024
- 2023Revising with a Backward Glance: Regressions and Skips during Reading as Cognitive Signals for Revision Policies in Incremental Processing27 Oct 2023
- 2023ScanDL: A Diffusion Model for Generating Synthetic Scanpaths on Texts24 Oct 2023
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understanding23 Oct 2023
- 2023Bridging the Gap: Gaze Events as Interpretable Concepts to Explain Deep Neural Sequence Models12 Apr 2023
- 2022Eye-tracking based classification of Mandarin Chinese readers with and without dyslexia using neural sequence models18 Oct 2022
- 2022Eye Know You Too: A DenseNet Architecture for End-to-end Eye Movement Biometrics5 Jan 2022
- 2021An Extensive Study of User Identification via Eye Movements across Multiple Datasets10 Nov 2021
- 2021Eye Know You: Metric Learning for End-to-end Biometric Authentication Using Eye Movements from a Longitudinal Dataset21 Apr 2021
- 2021Eye Know You: Metric Learning for End-to-end Biometric Authentication Using Eye Movements from a Longitudinal Datasetcited by 11
- 2022Eye-tracking based classification of Mandarin Chinese readers with and without dyslexia using neural sequence modelscited by 10
- 2024EmMixformer: Mix transformer for eye movement recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Fine-Grained Prediction of Reading Comprehension from Eye Movementscited by 9
- 2023Pre-Trained Language Models Augmented with Synthetic Scanpaths for Natural Language Understandingcited by 8
- 2024Decoding Reading Goals from Eye Movementscited by 6
- 2024EMTeC: A Corpus of Eye Movements on Machine-Generated Textscited by 5
- 2024Reporting Eye-Tracking Data Quality: Towards a New Standardcited by 4
- 2024Establishing a Baseline for Gaze-driven Authentication Performance in VR: A Breadth-First Investigation on a Very Large Datasetcited by 4
- 2024Relax DARTS: Relaxing the Constraints of Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognitioncited by 4
- 2021An Extensive Study of User Identification via Eye Movements across Multiple Datasetscited by 3
- 2022Eye Know You Too: A DenseNet Architecture for End-to-end Eye Movement Biometricscited by 3
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Language Proficiency Assessment from Eye Movements in Naturalistic Passage Reading31 Aug 2026
- 2026Eyettention II: A Dual-Sequence Architecture for Modeling Fixation Location, Within-Word Landing Position, and Fixation Duration in Reading1 Jun 2026
- 2025Gaze Authentication: Factors Influencing Authentication Performance13 Sep 2025
- 2025Ocular Authentication: Fusion of Gaze and Periocular Modalities22 May 2025
- 2025Decoding Open-Ended Information Seeking Goals from Eye Movements in Reading4 May 2025
- 2025Eye Tracking Based Cognitive Evaluation of Automatic Readability Assessment Methods16 Feb 2025
- 2025D'ej`a Vu? Decoding Repeated Reading from Eye Movements16 Feb 2025
- 2024Decoding Reading Goals from Eye Movements28 Oct 2024
- 2024Reverse-Engineering the Reader16 Oct 2024
- 2024Fine-Grained Prediction of Reading Comprehension from Eye Movements6 Oct 2024
- 2024EM-DARTS: Hierarchical Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognition22 Sep 2024
- 2024Relax DARTS: Relaxing the Constraints of Differentiable Architecture Search for Eye Movement Recognition18 Sep 2024
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)