Continual Reinforcement Learning in 3D Non-stationary Environments
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Abstract (arXiv)
High-dimensional always-changing environments constitute a hard challenge for current reinforcement learning techniques. Artificial agents, nowadays, are often trained off-line in very static and controlled conditions in simulation such that training observations can be thought as sampled i.i.d. from the entire observations space. However, in real world settings, the environment is often non-stationary and subject to unpredictable, frequent changes. In this paper we propose and openly release CRLMaze, a new benchmark for learning continually through reinforcement in a complex 3D non-stationary task based on ViZDoom and subject to several environmental changes. Then, we introduce an end-to-end model-free continual reinforcement learning strategy showing competitive results with respect to four different baselines and not requiring any access to additional supervised signals, previously encountered environmental conditions or observations.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 4; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2021A Survey of Zero-shot Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 170
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learningcited by 124
- 2021Continual World: A Robotic Benchmark For Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 116
- 2021CORA: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Metrics as a Platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 38
- 2021Continuous Coordination As a Realistic Scenario for Lifelong Learningcited by 32
- 2022You Only Live Once: Single-Life Reinforcement Learningcited by 24
- 2025A Survey of Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 2021Catastrophic Interference in Reinforcement Learning: A Solution Based on Context Division and Knowledge Distillationcited by 15
- 2022Dynamics-Adaptive Continual Reinforcement Learning via Progressive Contextualizationcited by 14
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2021Lifetime policy reuse and the importance of task capacitycited by 4
10 more
- 2024Investigating Pre-Training Objectives for Generalization in Vision-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2025From Sparse to Dense: Toddler-inspired Reward Transition in Goal-Oriented Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2021Evaluating Continual Learning Algorithms by Generating 3D Virtual Environmentscited by 2
- 2022Resilient robot teams: a review integrating decentralised control, change-detection, and learningcited by 2
- 2021Smaller Is Better: An Analysis of Instance Quantity/Quality Trade-off in Rehearsal-based Continual Learningcited by 1
- 2023Architect, Regularize and Replay (ARR): a Flexible Hybrid Approach for Continual Learningcited by 1
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spacescited by 1
- 2025Real-Time Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Tasks with a Parallel Soft Robotcited by 1
- 2026GEM-Style Constraints for PEFT with Dual Gradient Projection in LoRAcited by 1
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulationcited by 0
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulation4 Feb 2026
- 2026GEM-Style Constraints for PEFT with Dual Gradient Projection in LoRA5 Jan 2026
- 2025Real-Time Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Tasks with a Parallel Soft Robot23 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Continual Reinforcement Learning27 Jun 2025
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spaces6 Jun 2025
- 2025From Sparse to Dense: Toddler-inspired Reward Transition in Goal-Oriented Reinforcement Learning29 Jan 2025
- 2024Investigating Pre-Training Objectives for Generalization in Vision-Based Reinforcement Learning10 Jun 2024
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application31 Jan 2023
- 2023Architect, Regularize and Replay (ARR): a Flexible Hybrid Approach for Continual Learning6 Jan 2023
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learning31 Dec 2022
- 2022You Only Live Once: Single-Life Reinforcement Learning17 Oct 2022
- 2022Dynamics-Adaptive Continual Reinforcement Learning via Progressive Contextualization1 Sep 2022
10 more
- 2022Resilient robot teams: a review integrating decentralised control, change-detection, and learning21 Apr 2022
- 2021A Survey of Zero-shot Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learning18 Nov 2021
- 2021CORA: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Metrics as a Platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agents19 Oct 2021
- 2021Evaluating Continual Learning Algorithms by Generating 3D Virtual Environments16 Sep 2021
- 2021Catastrophic Interference in Reinforcement Learning: A Solution Based on Context Division and Knowledge Distillation1 Sep 2021
- 2021Lifetime policy reuse and the importance of task capacity3 Jun 2021
- 2021Smaller Is Better: An Analysis of Instance Quantity/Quality Trade-off in Rehearsal-based Continual Learning28 May 2021
- 2021Continual World: A Robotic Benchmark For Continual Reinforcement Learning23 May 2021
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learning1 Apr 2021
- 2021Continuous Coordination As a Realistic Scenario for Lifelong Learning4 Mar 2021
- 2025A Survey of Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 2024Investigating Pre-Training Objectives for Generalization in Vision-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2025From Sparse to Dense: Toddler-inspired Reward Transition in Goal-Oriented Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025Real-Time Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Tasks with a Parallel Soft Robotcited by 1
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulationcited by 0
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulation4 Feb 2026
- 2025Real-Time Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Tasks with a Parallel Soft Robot23 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Continual Reinforcement Learning27 Jun 2025
- 2025From Sparse to Dense: Toddler-inspired Reward Transition in Goal-Oriented Reinforcement Learning29 Jan 2025
- 2024Investigating Pre-Training Objectives for Generalization in Vision-Based Reinforcement Learning10 Jun 2024
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2021A Survey of Zero-shot Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 170
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learningcited by 124
- 2021Continual World: A Robotic Benchmark For Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 116
- 2021CORA: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Metrics as a Platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 38
- 2021Continuous Coordination As a Realistic Scenario for Lifelong Learningcited by 32
- 2022You Only Live Once: Single-Life Reinforcement Learningcited by 24
- 2022Dynamics-Adaptive Continual Reinforcement Learning via Progressive Contextualizationcited by 14
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2021Lifetime policy reuse and the importance of task capacitycited by 4
- 2021Evaluating Continual Learning Algorithms by Generating 3D Virtual Environmentscited by 2
- 2022Resilient robot teams: a review integrating decentralised control, change-detection, and learningcited by 2
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026GEM-Style Constraints for PEFT with Dual Gradient Projection in LoRA5 Jan 2026
- 2025Action-Adaptive Continual Learning: Enabling Policy Generalization under Dynamic Action Spaces6 Jun 2025
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application31 Jan 2023
- 2023Architect, Regularize and Replay (ARR): a Flexible Hybrid Approach for Continual Learning6 Jan 2023
- 2022Self-Activating Neural Ensembles for Continual Reinforcement Learning31 Dec 2022
- 2022You Only Live Once: Single-Life Reinforcement Learning17 Oct 2022
- 2022Dynamics-Adaptive Continual Reinforcement Learning via Progressive Contextualization1 Sep 2022
- 2022Resilient robot teams: a review integrating decentralised control, change-detection, and learning21 Apr 2022
- 2021A Survey of Zero-shot Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learning18 Nov 2021
- 2021CORA: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Metrics as a Platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agents19 Oct 2021
- 2021Evaluating Continual Learning Algorithms by Generating 3D Virtual Environments16 Sep 2021
- 2021Lifetime policy reuse and the importance of task capacity3 Jun 2021
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)