mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Fair is Better than Sensational:Man is to Doctor as Woman is to Doctor

arXiv 1905.09866 ↗First posted 23 May 2019cs.CLcited by 27

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Analogies such as "man is to king as woman is to X" are often used to illustrate the amazing power of word embeddings. Concurrently, they have also been used to expose how strongly human biases are encoded in vector spaces built on natural language, like "man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker". Recent work has shown that analogies are in fact not such a diagnostic for bias, and other methods have been proven to be more apt to the task. However, beside the intrinsic problems with the analogy task as a bias detection tool, in this paper we show that a series of issues related to how analogies have been implemented and used might have yielded a distorted picture of bias in word embeddings. Human biases are present in word embeddings and need to be addressed. Analogies, though, are probably not the right tool to do so. Also, the way they have been most often used has exacerbated some possibly non-existing biases and perhaps hid others. Because they are still widely popular, and some of them have become classics within and outside the NLP community, we deem it important to provide a series of clarifications that should put well-known, and potentially new cases into the right perspective.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 May 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

27 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2021Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 116
  2. 2024The Political Preferences of LLMscited by 83
  3. 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Researchcited by 62
  4. 2021BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies?cited by 56
  5. 2022BERTIN: Efficient Pre-Training of a Spanish Language Model using Perplexity Samplingcited by 30
  6. 2022How to keep text private? A systematic review of deep learning methods for privacy-preserving natural language processingcited by 16
  7. 2022How sensitive are translation systems to extra contexts? Mitigating gender bias in Neural Machine Translation models through relevant contextscited by 10
  8. 2022Trustworthy Social Bias Measurementcited by 7
  9. 2024Biased AI can Influence Political Decision-Makingcited by 6
  10. 2023Construction Artifacts in Metaphor Identification Datasetscited by 5
  11. 2024Hire Me or Not? Examining Language Model's Behavior with Occupation Attributescited by 5
  12. 2022Undesirable Biases in NLP: Addressing Challenges of Measurementcited by 4
15 more
  1. 2025Fine-Tuned LLMs are "Time Capsules" for Tracking Societal Bias Through Bookscited by 4
  2. 2022A methodology to characterize bias and harmful stereotypes in natural language processing in Latin Americacited by 2
  3. 2024STOP! Benchmarking Large Language Models with Sensitivity Testing on Offensive Progressionscited by 2
  4. 2025Think Again! The Effect of Test-Time Compute on Preferences, Opinions, and Beliefs of Large Language Modelscited by 2
  5. 2023Counteracts: Testing Stereotypical Representation in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 1
  6. 2023Explaining Relation Classification Models with Semantic Extentscited by 1
  7. 2024LLM-Assisted Content Conditional Debiasing for Fair Text Embeddingcited by 1
  8. 2021Text analysis and deep learning: A network approachcited by 0
  9. 2023A Bayesian approach to uncertainty in word embedding bias estimationcited by 0
  10. 2023Politeness Stereotypes and Attack Vectors: Gender Stereotypes in Japanese and Korean Language Modelscited by 0
  11. 2023She had Cobalt Blue Eyes: Prompt Testing to Create Aligned and Sustainable Language Modelscited by 0
  12. 2024FairBelief -- Assessing Harmful Beliefs in Language Modelscited by 0
  13. 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Frameworkcited by 0
  14. 2026MUTEX: Leveraging Multilingual Transformers and Conditional Random Fields for Enhanced Urdu Toxic Span Detectioncited by 0
  15. 2026Language, Language Models, and What We're Talking Aboutcited by 0