Fair is Better than Sensational:Man is to Doctor as Woman is to Doctor
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Abstract (arXiv)
Analogies such as "man is to king as woman is to X" are often used to illustrate the amazing power of word embeddings. Concurrently, they have also been used to expose how strongly human biases are encoded in vector spaces built on natural language, like "man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker". Recent work has shown that analogies are in fact not such a diagnostic for bias, and other methods have been proven to be more apt to the task. However, beside the intrinsic problems with the analogy task as a bias detection tool, in this paper we show that a series of issues related to how analogies have been implemented and used might have yielded a distorted picture of bias in word embeddings. Human biases are present in word embeddings and need to be addressed. Analogies, though, are probably not the right tool to do so. Also, the way they have been most often used has exacerbated some possibly non-existing biases and perhaps hid others. Because they are still widely popular, and some of them have become classics within and outside the NLP community, we deem it important to provide a series of clarifications that should put well-known, and potentially new cases into the right perspective.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
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- 2021Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 116
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMscited by 83
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Researchcited by 62
- 2021BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies?cited by 56
- 2022BERTIN: Efficient Pre-Training of a Spanish Language Model using Perplexity Samplingcited by 30
- 2022How to keep text private? A systematic review of deep learning methods for privacy-preserving natural language processingcited by 16
- 2022How sensitive are translation systems to extra contexts? Mitigating gender bias in Neural Machine Translation models through relevant contextscited by 10
- 2022Trustworthy Social Bias Measurementcited by 7
- 2024Biased AI can Influence Political Decision-Makingcited by 6
- 2023Construction Artifacts in Metaphor Identification Datasetscited by 5
- 2024Hire Me or Not? Examining Language Model's Behavior with Occupation Attributescited by 5
- 2022Undesirable Biases in NLP: Addressing Challenges of Measurementcited by 4
15 more
- 2025Fine-Tuned LLMs are "Time Capsules" for Tracking Societal Bias Through Bookscited by 4
- 2022A methodology to characterize bias and harmful stereotypes in natural language processing in Latin Americacited by 2
- 2024STOP! Benchmarking Large Language Models with Sensitivity Testing on Offensive Progressionscited by 2
- 2025Think Again! The Effect of Test-Time Compute on Preferences, Opinions, and Beliefs of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2023Counteracts: Testing Stereotypical Representation in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 1
- 2023Explaining Relation Classification Models with Semantic Extentscited by 1
- 2024LLM-Assisted Content Conditional Debiasing for Fair Text Embeddingcited by 1
- 2021Text analysis and deep learning: A network approachcited by 0
- 2023A Bayesian approach to uncertainty in word embedding bias estimationcited by 0
- 2023Politeness Stereotypes and Attack Vectors: Gender Stereotypes in Japanese and Korean Language Modelscited by 0
- 2023She had Cobalt Blue Eyes: Prompt Testing to Create Aligned and Sustainable Language Modelscited by 0
- 2024FairBelief -- Assessing Harmful Beliefs in Language Modelscited by 0
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026MUTEX: Leveraging Multilingual Transformers and Conditional Random Fields for Enhanced Urdu Toxic Span Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Language, Language Models, and What We're Talking Aboutcited by 0
- 2026Language, Language Models, and What We're Talking About3 Sep 2026
- 2026MUTEX: Leveraging Multilingual Transformers and Conditional Random Fields for Enhanced Urdu Toxic Span Detection5 Mar 2026
- 2025Think Again! The Effect of Test-Time Compute on Preferences, Opinions, and Beliefs of Large Language Models26 May 2025
- 2025Fine-Tuned LLMs are "Time Capsules" for Tracking Societal Bias Through Books7 Feb 2025
- 2024Biased AI can Influence Political Decision-Making8 Oct 2024
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Framework25 Sep 2024
- 2024STOP! Benchmarking Large Language Models with Sensitivity Testing on Offensive Progressions20 Sep 2024
- 2024Hire Me or Not? Examining Language Model's Behavior with Occupation Attributes6 May 2024
- 2024FairBelief -- Assessing Harmful Beliefs in Language Models27 Feb 2024
- 2024LLM-Assisted Content Conditional Debiasing for Fair Text Embedding22 Feb 2024
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMs2 Feb 2024
- 2023Construction Artifacts in Metaphor Identification Datasets1 Nov 2023
15 more
- 2023She had Cobalt Blue Eyes: Prompt Testing to Create Aligned and Sustainable Language Models20 Oct 2023
- 2023Explaining Relation Classification Models with Semantic Extents4 Aug 2023
- 2023Politeness Stereotypes and Attack Vectors: Gender Stereotypes in Japanese and Korean Language Models16 Jun 2023
- 2023A Bayesian approach to uncertainty in word embedding bias estimation15 Jun 2023
- 2023Counteracts: Testing Stereotypical Representation in Pre-trained Language Models11 Jan 2023
- 2022Trustworthy Social Bias Measurement20 Dec 2022
- 2022Undesirable Biases in NLP: Addressing Challenges of Measurement24 Nov 2022
- 2022BERTIN: Efficient Pre-Training of a Spanish Language Model using Perplexity Sampling14 Jul 2022
- 2022A methodology to characterize bias and harmful stereotypes in natural language processing in Latin America14 Jul 2022
- 2022How sensitive are translation systems to extra contexts? Mitigating gender bias in Neural Machine Translation models through relevant contexts22 May 2022
- 2022How to keep text private? A systematic review of deep learning methods for privacy-preserving natural language processing20 May 2022
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Research5 May 2022
- 2021Text analysis and deep learning: A network approach8 Oct 2021
- 2021BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies?11 May 2021
- 2021Gender Bias in Machine Translation13 Apr 2021
- 2021Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 116
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMscited by 83
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Researchcited by 62
- 2021BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies?cited by 56
- 2022BERTIN: Efficient Pre-Training of a Spanish Language Model using Perplexity Samplingcited by 30
- 2022How to keep text private? A systematic review of deep learning methods for privacy-preserving natural language processingcited by 16
- 2022How sensitive are translation systems to extra contexts? Mitigating gender bias in Neural Machine Translation models through relevant contextscited by 10
- 2022Trustworthy Social Bias Measurementcited by 7
- 2024Biased AI can Influence Political Decision-Makingcited by 6
- 2023Construction Artifacts in Metaphor Identification Datasetscited by 5
- 2024Hire Me or Not? Examining Language Model's Behavior with Occupation Attributescited by 5
- 2022Undesirable Biases in NLP: Addressing Challenges of Measurementcited by 4
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2026Language, Language Models, and What We're Talking About3 Sep 2026
- 2026MUTEX: Leveraging Multilingual Transformers and Conditional Random Fields for Enhanced Urdu Toxic Span Detection5 Mar 2026
- 2025Fine-Tuned LLMs are "Time Capsules" for Tracking Societal Bias Through Books7 Feb 2025
- 2024Biased AI can Influence Political Decision-Making8 Oct 2024
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Framework25 Sep 2024
- 2024STOP! Benchmarking Large Language Models with Sensitivity Testing on Offensive Progressions20 Sep 2024
- 2024Hire Me or Not? Examining Language Model's Behavior with Occupation Attributes6 May 2024
- 2024FairBelief -- Assessing Harmful Beliefs in Language Models27 Feb 2024
- 2024LLM-Assisted Content Conditional Debiasing for Fair Text Embedding22 Feb 2024
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMs2 Feb 2024
- 2023Construction Artifacts in Metaphor Identification Datasets1 Nov 2023
- 2023She had Cobalt Blue Eyes: Prompt Testing to Create Aligned and Sustainable Language Models20 Oct 2023
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)