Deep Learning in Asset Pricing
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Abstract (arXiv)
We use deep neural networks to estimate an asset pricing model for individual stock returns that takes advantage of the vast amount of conditioning information, while keeping a fully flexible form and accounting for time-variation. The key innovations are to use the fundamental no-arbitrage condition as criterion function, to construct the most informative test assets with an adversarial approach and to extract the states of the economy from many macroeconomic time series. Our asset pricing model outperforms out-of-sample all benchmark approaches in terms of Sharpe ratio, explained variation and pricing errors and identifies the key factors that drive asset prices.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 5; 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 12; 2026: 10.
41 papers.
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- 2022DualCF: Efficient Model Extraction Attack from Counterfactual Explanationscited by 31
- 2023Integrating Stock Features and Global Information via Large Language Models for Enhanced Stock Return Predictioncited by 16
- 2025Decision-informed Neural Networks with Large Language Model Integration for Portfolio Optimizationcited by 14
- 2025Retrieval-augmented Large Language Models for Financial Time Series Forecastingcited by 12
- 2021MUSBO: Model-based Uncertainty Regularized and Sample Efficient Batch Optimization for Deployment Constrained Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2023Label Delay in Online Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2024Fortify the Guardian, Not the Treasure: Resilient Adversarial Detectorscited by 4
- 2023Maximally Machine-Learnable Portfolioscited by 3
- 2023Online Ensemble Learning for Sector Rotation: A Gradient-Free Frameworkcited by 2
- 2023Harnessing Collective Intelligence Under a Lack of Cultural Consensuscited by 2
- 2024Empirical Asset Pricing with Large Language Model Agentscited by 2
- 2024Time-Series Foundation AI Model for Value-at-Risk Forecastingcited by 2
29 more
- 2025Growing the Efficient Frontier on Panel Treescited by 2
- 2025Reinforcement-Learning Portfolio Allocation with Dynamic Embedding of Market Informationcited by 2
- 2021Interpretability in Safety-Critical FinancialTrading Systemscited by 1
- 2022Deep Partial Least Squares for Empirical Asset Pricingcited by 1
- 2022Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Asset Allocationcited by 1
- 2022Symphony in the Latent Space: Provably Integrating High-dimensional Techniques with Non-linear Machine Learning Modelscited by 1
- 2024Multi-Task Dynamic Pricing in Credit Market with Contextual Informationcited by 1
- 2025A Set-Sequence Model for Time Seriescited by 1
- 2025Exploring the Synergy of Quantitative Factors and Newsflow Representations from Large Language Models for Stock Return Predictioncited by 1
- 2025Diffolio: A Diffusion Model for Multivariate Probabilistic Financial Time-Series Forecasting and Portfolio Constructioncited by 1
- 2026LambdaRankIC: Directly Optimizing Rank IC for Financial Predictioncited by 1
- 2021Estimating the Value-at-Risk by Temporal VAEcited by 0
- 2022Empirical Asset Pricing via Ensemble Gaussian Process Regressioncited by 0
- 2024RVRAE: A Dynamic Factor Model Based on Variational Recurrent Autoencoder for Stock Returns Predictioncited by 0
- 2024Bellwether Trades: Characteristics of Trades influential in Predicting Future Price Movements in Marketscited by 0
- 2025NewsNet-SDF: Stochastic Discount Factor Estimation with Pretrained Language Model News Embeddings via Adversarial Networkscited by 0
- 2025An Information Bottleneck Asset Pricing Modelcited by 0
- 2025FR-LUX: Friction-Aware, Regime-Conditioned Policy Optimization for Implementable Portfolio Managementcited by 0
- 2025Attention Factors for Statistical Arbitragecited by 0
- 2025The Challenger: When Do New Data Sources Justify Switching Machine Learning Models?cited by 0
- 2026Same Error, Different Function: The Optimizer as an Implicit Prior in Financial Time Seriescited by 0
- 2026Learning Nonlinear Regime Transitions via Semi-Parametric State-Space Modelscited by 0
- 2026Portfolio Optimization Proxies under Label Scarcity and Regime Shifts via Bayesian and Deterministic Students under Semi-Supervised Sandwich Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Generative Predictive Distributions for Time Seriescited by 0
- 2026Generating Input Distributions for Explaining Portfolio Optimization Pipelinescited by 0
- 2026Grounding Investor Views: Neural Predicates in the Black-Litterman Modelcited by 0
- 2026From Economic Agents to Agentic Economies: A Systems Blueprint for Economic World Modelscited by 0
- 2026Artificial Intelligence in Equity and Crypto Markets: Progress, Profitability Evidence, and the Limits of Automated Investingcited by 0
- 2026AlphaDiverse: Post-Training Local Quantitative Research Agents for Diverse Exploration in Alpha Factor Miningcited by 0
- 2026AlphaDiverse: Post-Training Local Quantitative Research Agents for Diverse Exploration in Alpha Factor Mining24 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence in Equity and Crypto Markets: Progress, Profitability Evidence, and the Limits of Automated Investing4 Sep 2026
- 2026From Economic Agents to Agentic Economies: A Systems Blueprint for Economic World Models6 Aug 2026
- 2026Grounding Investor Views: Neural Predicates in the Black-Litterman Model10 Jul 2026
- 2026Generating Input Distributions for Explaining Portfolio Optimization Pipelines24 Jun 2026
- 2026Generative Predictive Distributions for Time Series15 Jun 2026
- 2026LambdaRankIC: Directly Optimizing Rank IC for Financial Prediction1 May 2026
- 2026Portfolio Optimization Proxies under Label Scarcity and Regime Shifts via Bayesian and Deterministic Students under Semi-Supervised Sandwich Training4 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning Nonlinear Regime Transitions via Semi-Parametric State-Space Models3 Apr 2026
- 2026Same Error, Different Function: The Optimizer as an Implicit Prior in Financial Time Series3 Mar 2026
- 2025The Challenger: When Do New Data Sources Justify Switching Machine Learning Models?20 Dec 2025
- 2025Diffolio: A Diffusion Model for Multivariate Probabilistic Financial Time-Series Forecasting and Portfolio Construction10 Nov 2025
29 more
- 2025Exploring the Synergy of Quantitative Factors and Newsflow Representations from Large Language Models for Stock Return Prediction17 Oct 2025
- 2025Attention Factors for Statistical Arbitrage13 Oct 2025
- 2025FR-LUX: Friction-Aware, Regime-Conditioned Policy Optimization for Implementable Portfolio Management3 Oct 2025
- 2025An Information Bottleneck Asset Pricing Model31 Jul 2025
- 2025A Set-Sequence Model for Time Series16 May 2025
- 2025NewsNet-SDF: Stochastic Discount Factor Estimation with Pretrained Language Model News Embeddings via Adversarial Networks11 May 2025
- 2025Retrieval-augmented Large Language Models for Financial Time Series Forecasting9 Feb 2025
- 2025Decision-informed Neural Networks with Large Language Model Integration for Portfolio Optimization2 Feb 2025
- 2025Reinforcement-Learning Portfolio Allocation with Dynamic Embedding of Market Information29 Jan 2025
- 2025Growing the Efficient Frontier on Panel Trees28 Jan 2025
- 2024Multi-Task Dynamic Pricing in Credit Market with Contextual Information18 Oct 2024
- 2024Time-Series Foundation AI Model for Value-at-Risk Forecasting15 Oct 2024
- 2024Empirical Asset Pricing with Large Language Model Agents25 Sep 2024
- 2024Bellwether Trades: Characteristics of Trades influential in Predicting Future Price Movements in Markets8 Sep 2024
- 2024Fortify the Guardian, Not the Treasure: Resilient Adversarial Detectors18 Apr 2024
- 2024RVRAE: A Dynamic Factor Model Based on Variational Recurrent Autoencoder for Stock Returns Prediction4 Mar 2024
- 2023Label Delay in Online Continual Learning1 Dec 2023
- 2023Integrating Stock Features and Global Information via Large Language Models for Enhanced Stock Return Prediction9 Oct 2023
- 2023Harnessing Collective Intelligence Under a Lack of Cultural Consensus18 Sep 2023
- 2023Maximally Machine-Learnable Portfolios8 Jun 2023
- 2023Online Ensemble Learning for Sector Rotation: A Gradient-Free Framework30 Mar 2023
- 2022Empirical Asset Pricing via Ensemble Gaussian Process Regression2 Dec 2022
- 2022Symphony in the Latent Space: Provably Integrating High-dimensional Techniques with Non-linear Machine Learning Models1 Dec 2022
- 2022Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Asset Allocation21 Sep 2022
- 2022Deep Partial Least Squares for Empirical Asset Pricing20 Jun 2022
- 2022DualCF: Efficient Model Extraction Attack from Counterfactual Explanations13 May 2022
- 2021Estimating the Value-at-Risk by Temporal VAE3 Dec 2021
- 2021Interpretability in Safety-Critical FinancialTrading Systems24 Sep 2021
- 2021MUSBO: Model-based Uncertainty Regularized and Sample Efficient Batch Optimization for Deployment Constrained Reinforcement Learning23 Feb 2021
- 2022DualCF: Efficient Model Extraction Attack from Counterfactual Explanationscited by 31
- 2023Integrating Stock Features and Global Information via Large Language Models for Enhanced Stock Return Predictioncited by 16
- 2025Decision-informed Neural Networks with Large Language Model Integration for Portfolio Optimizationcited by 14
- 2021MUSBO: Model-based Uncertainty Regularized and Sample Efficient Batch Optimization for Deployment Constrained Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2023Label Delay in Online Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2024Fortify the Guardian, Not the Treasure: Resilient Adversarial Detectorscited by 4
- 2023Maximally Machine-Learnable Portfolioscited by 3
- 2023Online Ensemble Learning for Sector Rotation: A Gradient-Free Frameworkcited by 2
- 2023Harnessing Collective Intelligence Under a Lack of Cultural Consensuscited by 2
- 2024Time-Series Foundation AI Model for Value-at-Risk Forecastingcited by 2
- 2025Growing the Efficient Frontier on Panel Treescited by 2
- 2025Reinforcement-Learning Portfolio Allocation with Dynamic Embedding of Market Informationcited by 2
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026Artificial Intelligence in Equity and Crypto Markets: Progress, Profitability Evidence, and the Limits of Automated Investing4 Sep 2026
- 2026Grounding Investor Views: Neural Predicates in the Black-Litterman Model10 Jul 2026
- 2026Generating Input Distributions for Explaining Portfolio Optimization Pipelines24 Jun 2026
- 2026Generative Predictive Distributions for Time Series15 Jun 2026
- 2026LambdaRankIC: Directly Optimizing Rank IC for Financial Prediction1 May 2026
- 2026Portfolio Optimization Proxies under Label Scarcity and Regime Shifts via Bayesian and Deterministic Students under Semi-Supervised Sandwich Training4 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning Nonlinear Regime Transitions via Semi-Parametric State-Space Models3 Apr 2026
- 2026Same Error, Different Function: The Optimizer as an Implicit Prior in Financial Time Series3 Mar 2026
- 2025The Challenger: When Do New Data Sources Justify Switching Machine Learning Models?20 Dec 2025
- 2025Exploring the Synergy of Quantitative Factors and Newsflow Representations from Large Language Models for Stock Return Prediction17 Oct 2025
- 2025Attention Factors for Statistical Arbitrage13 Oct 2025
- 2025FR-LUX: Friction-Aware, Regime-Conditioned Policy Optimization for Implementable Portfolio Management3 Oct 2025
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)