mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Benchmarking Keyword Spotting Efficiency on Neuromorphic Hardware

arXiv 1812.01739 ↗First posted 4 Dec 2018cs.LG stat.MLcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

Using Intel's Loihi neuromorphic research chip and ABR's Nengo Deep Learning toolkit, we analyze the inference speed, dynamic power consumption, and energy cost per inference of a two-layer neural network keyword spotter trained to recognize a single phrase. We perform comparative analyses of this keyword spotter running on more conventional hardware devices including a CPU, a GPU, Nvidia's Jetson TX1, and the Movidius Neural Compute Stick. Our results indicate that for this inference application, Loihi outperforms all of these alternatives on an energy cost per inference basis while maintaining equivalent inference accuracy. Furthermore, an analysis of tradeoffs between network size, inference speed, and energy cost indicates that Loihi's comparative advantage over other low-power computing devices improves for larger networks.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 5; 2024: 4; 2025: 7; 2026: 9.

37 papers.

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  1. 2021A Spiking Neural Network for Image Segmentationcited by 27
  2. 2021Bottom-up and top-down approaches for the design of neuromorphic processing systems: Tradeoffs and synergies between natural and artificial intelligencecited by 21
  3. 2022Sub-mW Neuromorphic SNN audio processing applications with Rockpool and Xylocited by 12
  4. 2021WaveSense: Efficient Temporal Convolutions with Spiking Neural Networks for Keyword Spottingcited by 8
  5. 2021Neuromorphic Computing is Turing-Completecited by 6
  6. 2024Detection of Fast-Moving Objects with Neuromorphic Hardwarecited by 4
  7. 2022Stabilizing Spiking Neuron Trainingcited by 3
  8. 2022Collective control of modular soft robots via embodied Spiking Neural Cellular Automatacited by 3
  9. 2022Surrogate Gradient Spiking Neural Networks as Encoders for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognitioncited by 3
  10. 2023DeepFire2: A Convolutional Spiking Neural Network Accelerator on FPGAscited by 3
  11. 2024Improvement of Spiking Neural Network with Bit Planes and Color Modelscited by 3
  12. 2022Voltage-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity (VDSP): Unsupervised probabilistic Hebbian plasticity rule based on neurons membrane potentialcited by 2
25 more
  1. 2023Evaluating Spiking Neural Network On Neuromorphic Platform For Human Activity Recognitioncited by 2
  2. 2025Drone Detection Using a Low-Power Neuromorphic Virtual Tripwirecited by 2
  3. 2026Modern Neuromorphic AI: From Intra-Token to Inter-Token Processingcited by 2
  4. 2024N-DriverMotion: Driver motion learning and prediction using an event-based camera and directly trained spiking neural networks on Loihi 2cited by 1
  5. 2025Spiking Neural Networks for Low-Power Vibration-Based Predictive Maintenancecited by 1
  6. 2026Energy-Efficient Neuromorphic Computing for Edge AI: A Framework with Adaptive Spiking Neural Networks and Hardware-Aware Optimizationcited by 1
  7. 2021Multi-Sample Online Learning for Spiking Neural Networks based on Generalized Expectation Maximizationcited by 0
  8. 2022Desire Backpropagation: A Lightweight Training Algorithm for Multi-Layer Spiking Neural Networks based on Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticitycited by 0
  9. 2022Exploring Tradeoffs in Spiking Neural Networkscited by 0
  10. 2023Stabilizing RNN Gradients through Pre-trainingcited by 0
  11. 2023Advanced Computing and Related Applications Leveraging Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networkscited by 0
  12. 2023A versatile circuit for emulating active biological dendrites applied to sound localisation and neuron imitationcited by 0
  13. 2024Neuromorphic Spintronicscited by 0
  14. 2025Towards efficient keyword spotting using spike-based time difference encoderscited by 0
  15. 2025Frozen Backpropagation: Relaxing Weight Symmetry in Deep Spiking Neural Networkscited by 0
  16. 2025Energy-Efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning with Spiking Transformerscited by 0
  17. 2025Adaptive Spiking with Plasticity for Energy Aware Neuromorphic Systemscited by 0
  18. 2025From RISC-V Cores to Neuromorphic Arrays: A Tutorial on Building Scalable Digital Neuromorphic Processorscited by 0
  19. 2026Neuromorphic Parameter Estimation for Power Converter Health Monitoring Using Spiking Neural Networkscited by 0
  20. 2026Full Feature Spiking Neural Network Simulation on Micro-Controllers for Neuromorphic Applications at the Edgecited by 0
  21. 2026Brain-inspired spike-timing plasticity for reliable label-efficient event-camera visioncited by 0
  22. 2026Information Processing Capacity of Stationary Physical Systems: Theory, Data-efficient Estimation Methods, and Photonic Demonstrationcited by 0
  23. 2026A Neuromorphic Trigger for Efficient Audio Event Detectioncited by 0
  24. 2026Robust PnP on a Neuromorphic Processor for Object Pose Estimationcited by 0
  25. 2026DS-VLA: A Dendritic-inspired Vision-Language-Action Model for Robust Action Controlcited by 0