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Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimation

arXiv 1809.09087 ↗First posted 24 Sep 2018cs.LG cs.NE stat.MLcited by 52

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Abstract (arXiv)

Implicit probabilistic models are models defined naturally in terms of a sampling procedure and often induces a likelihood function that cannot be expressed explicitly. We develop a simple method for estimating parameters in implicit models that does not require knowledge of the form of the likelihood function or any derived quantities, but can be shown to be equivalent to maximizing likelihood under some conditions. Our result holds in the non-asymptotic parametric setting, where both the capacity of the model and the number of data examples are finite. We also demonstrate encouraging experimental results.

Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 7; 2023: 11; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 10.

52 papers.

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  1. 2022Diffusion-SDF: Text-to-Shape via Voxelized Diffusioncited by 128
  2. 2024Balancing Act: Distribution-Guided Debiasing in Diffusion Modelscited by 52
  3. 2022Truncated Diffusion Probabilistic Models and Diffusion-based Adversarial Auto-Encoderscited by 42
  4. 2022Social-Implicit: Rethinking Trajectory Prediction Evaluation and The Effectiveness of Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimationcited by 40
  5. 2023SCADE: NeRFs from Space Carving with Ambiguity-Aware Depth Estimatescited by 35
  6. 2023DiffFacto: Controllable Part-Based 3D Point Cloud Generation with Cross Diffusioncited by 32
  7. 2025MoFlow: One-Step Flow Matching for Human Trajectory Forecasting via Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimation based Distillationcited by 31
  8. 2021Dual Contrastive Loss and Attention for GANscited by 30
  9. 2022Green Learning: Introduction, Examples and Outlookcited by 30
  10. 2023From Latent Graph to Latent Topology Inference: Differentiable Cell Complex Modulecited by 19
  11. 2023A Survey on Generative Modeling with Limited Data, Few Shots, and Zero Shotcited by 19
  12. 2023CabiNet: Scaling Neural Collision Detection for Object Rearrangement with Procedural Scene Generationcited by 18
38 more
  1. 2021Closed-Loop Data Transcription to an LDR via Minimaxing Rate Reductioncited by 17
  2. 2023T2TD: Text-3D Generation Model based on Prior Knowledge Guidancecited by 13
  3. 2024Text-to-3D Shape Generationcited by 13
  4. 2025IMLE Policy: Fast and Sample Efficient Visuomotor Policy Learning via Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimationcited by 13
  5. 2021PixelTransformer: Sample Conditioned Signal Generationcited by 12
  6. 2024Rejection Sampling IMLE: Designing Priors for Better Few-Shot Image Synthesiscited by 8
  7. 2021StEP: Style-based Encoder Pre-training for Multi-modal Image Synthesiscited by 7
  8. 2021VDSM: Unsupervised Video Disentanglement with State-Space Modeling and Deep Mixtures of Expertscited by 6
  9. 2023TPA3D: Triplane Attention for Fast Text-to-3D Generationcited by 6
  10. 2025Increasing the Utility of Synthetic Images through Chamfer Guidancecited by 6
  11. 2022PAGER: Progressive Attribute-Guided Extendable Robust Image Generationcited by 5
  12. 2022GENHOP: An Image Generation Method Based on Successive Subspace Learningcited by 4
  13. 2022CHIMLE: Conditional Hierarchical IMLE for Multimodal Conditional Image Synthesiscited by 4
  14. 2026Explorative Modeling: Unlocking a Third Pretraining Axis and End-to-End Generationcited by 4
  15. 2021Contrastive Mixture of Posteriors for Counterfactual Inference, Data Integration and Fairnesscited by 3
  16. 2021Cluster-guided Image Synthesis with Unconditional Modelscited by 3
  17. 2024ProvNeRF: Modeling per Point Provenance in NeRFs as a Stochastic Fieldcited by 3
  18. 2026WIMLE: Uncertainty-Aware World Models with IMLE for Sample-Efficient Continuous Controlcited by 3
  19. 2026Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Real-time Generative Model Predictive Controlcited by 3
  20. 2021Towards A Multi-agent System for Online Hate Speech Detectioncited by 2
  21. 2021Exploiting the Hidden Tasks of GANs: Making Implicit Subproblems Explicitcited by 1
  22. 2021Diversifying Semantic Image Synthesis and Editing via Class- and Layer-wise VAEscited by 1
  23. 2023Time out of Mind: Generating Rate of Speech conditioned on emotion and speakercited by 1
  24. 2023Factorized Diffusion Architectures for Unsupervised Image Generation and Segmentationcited by 1
  25. 2023How Good Are Deep Generative Models for Solving Inverse Problems?cited by 1
  26. 2024Socially-Informed Reconstruction for Pedestrian Trajectory Forecastingcited by 1
  27. 2025LSRS: Latent Scale Rejection Sampling for Visual Autoregressive Modelingcited by 1
  28. 2026PRISM: Performer RS-IMLE for Single-pass Multisensory Imitation Learningcited by 1
  29. 2021Hybrid Generative Models for Two-Dimensional Datasetscited by 0
  30. 2021Cascading Modular Network (CAM-Net) for Multimodal Image Synthesiscited by 0
  31. 2023FollowMe: Vehicle Behaviour Prediction in Autonomous Vehicle Settingscited by 0
  32. 2024Diverse Part Synthesis for 3D Shape Creationcited by 0
  33. 2025Conditional Distribution Quantization in Machine Learningcited by 0
  34. 2025A Non-Adversarial Approach to Idempotent Generative Modellingcited by 0
  35. 2026Preserve Support, Not Correspondence: Dynamic Routing for Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  36. 2026One Pass Is Not Enough: Recursive Latent Refinement for Generative Modelscited by 0
  37. 2026ROMS-IMLE: A Minimalist Approach to Competitive Single-Step Generative Modellingcited by 0
  38. 2026Why the Third Axis Is Freedomcited by 0

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