mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning Linear Temporal Properties

arXiv 1806.03953 ↗First posted 11 Jun 2018cs.LO cs.LGcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present two novel algorithms for learning formulas in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) from examples. The first learning algorithm reduces the learning task to a series of satisfiability problems in propositional Boolean logic and produces a smallest LTL formula (in terms of the number of subformulas) that is consistent with the given data. Our second learning algorithm, on the other hand, combines the SAT-based learning algorithm with classical algorithms for learning decision trees. The result is a learning algorithm that scales to real-world scenarios with hundreds of examples, but can no longer guarantee to produce minimal consistent LTL formulas. We compare both learning algorithms and demonstrate their performance on a wide range of synthetic benchmarks. Additionally, we illustrate their usefulness on the task of understanding executions of a leader election protocol.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.

41 papers.

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  1. 2024Towards Guaranteed Safe AI: A Framework for Ensuring Robust and Reliable AI Systemscited by 96
  2. 2021The Complexity of Learning Linear Temporal Formulas from Examplescited by 12
  3. 2022Learning Interpretable Temporal Properties from Positive Examples Onlycited by 12
  4. 2021Learning Linear Temporal Properties from Noisy Data: A MaxSAT Approachcited by 11
  5. 2021Classification of Time-Series Data Using Boosted Decision Treescited by 9
  6. 2021Scalable Anytime Algorithms for Learning Fragments of Linear Temporal Logiccited by 9
  7. 2024LTL learning on GPUscited by 6
  8. 2021Learning Finite Linear Temporal Logic Specifications with a Specialized Neural Operatorcited by 5
  9. 2023Testing learning-enabled cyber-physical systems with Large-Language Models: A Formal Approachcited by 5
  10. 2023Learning temporal formulas from examples is hardcited by 4
  11. 2021Uncertainty-Aware Signal Temporal Logic Inferencecited by 3
  12. 2023Synthesizing Efficiently Monitorable Formulas in Metric Temporal Logiccited by 3
29 more
  1. 2025Learning Reward Machines from Partially Observed Policiescited by 3
  2. 2021Inferring Temporal Logic Properties from Data using Boosted Decision Treescited by 2
  3. 2021Temporal and Object Quantification Networkscited by 2
  4. 2021Process discovery on deviant traces and other stranger thingscited by 2
  5. 2022Learning Temporal Rules from Noisy Timeseries Datacited by 2
  6. 2022A Framework for Understanding and Visualizing Strategies of RL Agentscited by 2
  7. 2025Learning Probabilistic Temporal Logic Specifications for Stochastic Systemscited by 2
  8. 2022Learning Temporal Logic Properties: an Overview of Two Recent Methodscited by 1
  9. 2023Reverse Engineering of Temporal Queries Mediated by LTL Ontologiescited by 1
  10. 2023Pointwise-in-Time Explanation for Linear Temporal Logic Rulescited by 1
  11. 2023A Safe Preference Learning Approach for Personalization with Applications to Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
  12. 2024Integrating Explanations in Learning LTL Specifications from Demonstrationscited by 1
  13. 2024Learning to Estimate System Specifications in Linear Temporal Logic using Transformers and Mambacited by 1
  14. 2025SAT-Based Bounded Fitting for the Description Logic ALCcited by 1
  15. 2025LTLf Learning Meets Boolean Set Covercited by 1
  16. 2021Time-Incremental Learning from Data Using Temporal Logicscited by 0
  17. 2022Specification sketching for Linear Temporal Logiccited by 0
  18. 2022Learning Probabilistic Temporal Safety Properties from Examples in Relational Domainscited by 0
  19. 2023Unique Characterisability and Learnability of Temporal Queries Mediated by an Ontologycited by 0
  20. 2023Data-Driven Model Discrimination of Switched Nonlinear Systems with Temporal Logic Inferencecited by 0
  21. 2024Learning Tree Pattern Transformationscited by 0
  22. 2024Learning Interpretable Classifiers for PDDL Planningcited by 0
  23. 2025Automata Learning of Preferences over Temporal Logic Formulas from Pairwise Comparisonscited by 0
  24. 2025Learning Representations Through Contrastive Neural Model Checkingcited by 0
  25. 2026Mining Beyond the Bools: Learning Data Transformations and Temporal Specificationscited by 0
  26. 2026Bounded Fitting for Expressive Description Logicscited by 0
  27. 2026NeuroNL2LTL: A Neurosymbolic Framework for Natural Language Translation of Linear Temporal Logiccited by 0
  28. 2026Learning Linear Temporal Specifications from Demonstrations with Uncertaintycited by 0
  29. 2026On Synthesis of Metric Interval Temporal Logicscited by 0