A Quality Type-aware Annotated Corpus and Lexicon for Harassment Research
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Abstract (arXiv)
Having a quality annotated corpus is essential especially for applied research. Despite the recent focus of Web science community on researching about cyberbullying, the community dose not still have standard benchmarks. In this paper, we publish first, a quality annotated corpus and second, an offensive words lexicon capturing different types type of harassment as (i) sexual harassment, (ii) racial harassment, (iii) appearance-related harassment, (iv) intellectual harassment, and (v) political harassment.We crawled data from Twitter using our offensive lexicon. Then relied on the human judge to annotate the collected tweets w.r.t. the contextual types because using offensive words is not sufficient to reliably detect harassment. Our corpus consists of 25,000 annotated tweets in five contextual types. We are pleased to share this novel annotated corpus and the lexicon with the research community. The instruction to acquire the corpus has been published on the Git repository.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2022Hate Speech and Counter Speech Detection: Conversational Context Does Mattercited by 32
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 26
- 2024From Languages to Geographies: Towards Evaluating Cultural Bias in Hate Speech Datasetscited by 23
- 2021TweetBLM: A Hate Speech Dataset and Analysis of Black Lives Matter-related Microblogs on Twittercited by 4
- 2023Hate Speech Detection via Dual Contrastive Learningcited by 3
- 2024Improving code-mixed hate detection by native sample mixing: A case study for Hindi-English code-mixed scenariocited by 2
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigationcited by 1
- 2026Who and What? Using Linguistic Features and Annotator Characteristics to Analyze Annotation Variationcited by 1
- 2022LAGOON: An Analysis Tool for Open Source Communitiescited by 0
- 2024What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Reviewcited by 0
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typedcited by 0
- 2026Who and What? Using Linguistic Features and Annotator Characteristics to Analyze Annotation Variation7 May 2026
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typed19 Jun 2025
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigation15 Feb 2025
- 2024What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Review26 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving code-mixed hate detection by native sample mixing: A case study for Hindi-English code-mixed scenario31 May 2024
- 2024From Languages to Geographies: Towards Evaluating Cultural Bias in Hate Speech Datasets27 Apr 2024
- 2023Hate Speech Detection via Dual Contrastive Learning10 Jul 2023
- 2022Hate Speech and Counter Speech Detection: Conversational Context Does Matter13 Jun 2022
- 2022LAGOON: An Analysis Tool for Open Source Communities26 Jan 2022
- 2021TweetBLM: A Hate Speech Dataset and Analysis of Black Lives Matter-related Microblogs on Twitter27 Aug 2021
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processing22 May 2021