mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

On the Convergence and Robustness of Training GANs with Regularized Optimal Transport

arXiv 1802.08249 ↗First posted 22 Feb 2018cs.LG math.OC stat.MLcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are one of the most practical methods for learning data distributions. A popular GAN formulation is based on the use of Wasserstein distance as a metric between probability distributions. Unfortunately, minimizing the Wasserstein distance between the data distribution and the generative model distribution is a computationally challenging problem as its objective is non-convex, non-smooth, and even hard to compute. In this work, we show that obtaining gradient information of the smoothed Wasserstein GAN formulation, which is based on regularized Optimal Transport (OT), is computationally effortless and hence one can apply first order optimization methods to minimize this objective. Consequently, we establish theoretical convergence guarantee to stationarity for a proposed class of GAN optimization algorithms. Unlike the original non-smooth formulation, our algorithm only requires solving the discriminator to approximate optimality. We apply our method to learning MNIST digits as well as CIFAR-10images. Our experiments show that our method is computationally efficient and generates images comparable to the state of the art algorithms given the same architecture and computational power.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 11; 2023: 9; 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

51 papers.

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  1. 2022Neural Optimal Transportcited by 123
  2. 2021Do Neural Optimal Transport Solvers Work? A Continuous Wasserstein-2 Benchmarkcited by 95
  3. 2021Generative Modeling with Optimal Transport Mapscited by 80
  4. 2023Teach a Robot to FISH: Versatile Imitation from One Minute of Demonstrationscited by 74
  5. 2021The Complexity of Nonconvex-Strongly-Concave Minimax Optimizationcited by 44
  6. 2023Generative Modeling through the Semi-dual Formulation of Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 39
  7. 2022Kernel Neural Optimal Transportcited by 31
  8. 2022Kantorovich Strikes Back! Wasserstein GANs are not Optimal Transport?cited by 19
  9. 2022Taming Hyperparameter Tuning in Continuous Normalizing Flows Using the JKO Schemecited by 17
  10. 2024Two-Timescale Gradient Descent Ascent Algorithms for Nonconvex Minimax Optimizationcited by 15
  11. 2023SAN: Inducing Metrizability of GAN with Discriminative Normalized Linear Layercited by 14
  12. 2021Finding Second-Order Stationary Points in Nonconvex-Strongly-Concave Minimax Optimizationcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2022An Optimal Transport Approach to Personalized Federated Learningcited by 12
  2. 2024Constrained Sampling with Primal-Dual Langevin Monte Carlocited by 10
  3. 2021Convex-Concave Min-Max Stackelberg Gamescited by 9
  4. 2021Entropy Regularized Optimal Transport Independence Criterioncited by 9
  5. 2024Accelerating Sinkhorn Algorithm with Sparse Newton Iterationscited by 9
  6. 2021Solving Min-Max Optimization with Hidden Structure via Gradient Descent Ascentcited by 8
  7. 2021Nonconvex-Nonconcave Min-Max Optimization with a Small Maximization Domaincited by 8
  8. 2023A first-order augmented Lagrangian method for constrained minimax optimizationcited by 8
  9. 2023Federated Minimax Optimization with Client Heterogeneitycited by 8
  10. 2023Analyzing and Improving Optimal-Transport-based Adversarial Networkscited by 8
  11. 2021Direct-Search for a Class of Stochastic Min-Max Problemscited by 7
  12. 2021A Wasserstein Minimax Framework for Mixed Linear Regressioncited by 7
  13. 2022DigGAN: Discriminator gradIent Gap Regularization for GAN Training with Limited Datacited by 7
  14. 2021Understanding Entropic Regularization in GANscited by 6
  15. 2022Generalization Bounds of Nonconvex-(Strongly)-Concave Stochastic Minimax Optimizationcited by 6
  16. 2023A High-Quality Robust Diffusion Framework for Corrupted Datasetcited by 6
  17. 2022Robust No-Regret Learning in Min-Max Stackelberg Gamescited by 5
  18. 2021On the Existence of Optimal Transport Gradient for Learning Generative Modelscited by 4
  19. 2022A theory of learning with constrained weight-distributioncited by 4
  20. 2023One-Line-of-Code Data Mollification Improves Optimization of Likelihood-based Generative Modelscited by 4
  21. 2021Randomized Stochastic Gradient Descent Ascentcited by 3
  22. 2024A Sinkhorn-type Algorithm for Constrained Optimal Transportcited by 3
  23. 2021Generalization of GANs and overparameterized models under Lipschitz continuitycited by 2
  24. 2021Generative Adversarial Network: Some Analytical Perspectivescited by 2
  25. 2023OT-Net: A Reusable Neural Optimal Transport Solvercited by 2
  26. 2025A Statistical Learning Perspective on Semi-dual Adversarial Neural Optimal Transport Solverscited by 2
  27. 2021WGAN with an Infinitely Wide Generator Has No Spurious Stationary Pointscited by 1
  28. 2021Trust the Critics: Generatorless and Multipurpose WGANs with Initial Convergence Guaranteescited by 1
  29. 2022On the potential benefits of entropic regularization for smoothing Wasserstein estimatorscited by 1
  30. 2025Neural Hamilton--Jacobi Characteristic Flows for Optimal Transportcited by 1
  31. 2021Symmetric Wasserstein Autoencoderscited by 0
  32. 2022Iterative Minimax Games with Coupled Linear Constraintscited by 0
  33. 2024Completely Parameter-Free Single-Loop Algorithms for Nonconvex-Concave Minimax Problemscited by 0
  34. 2024Sum-of-Squares Programming for Ma-Trudinger-Wang Regularity of Optimal Transport Mapscited by 0
  35. 2025Feature Shift Localization Networkcited by 0
  36. 2025On optimal solutions of classical and sliced Wasserstein GANs with non-Gaussian datacited by 0
  37. 2025A first-order method for nonconvex-strongly-concave constrained minimax optimizationcited by 0
  38. 2026Calibrating Tabular Anomaly Detection via Optimal Transportcited by 0

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