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DiffuserCam: Lensless Single-exposure 3D Imaging

arXiv 1710.02134 ↗First posted 5 Oct 2017cs.CVcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

We demonstrate a compact and easy-to-build computational camera for single-shot 3D imaging. Our lensless system consists solely of a diffuser placed in front of a standard image sensor. Every point within the volumetric field-of-view projects a unique pseudorandom pattern of caustics on the sensor. By using a physical approximation and simple calibration scheme, we solve the large-scale inverse problem in a computationally efficient way. The caustic patterns enable compressed sensing, which exploits sparsity in the sample to solve for more 3D voxels than pixels on the 2D sensor. Our 3D voxel grid is chosen to match the experimentally measured two-point optical resolution across the field-of-view, resulting in 100 million voxels being reconstructed from a single 1.3 megapixel image. However, the effective resolution varies significantly with scene content. Because this effect is common to a wide range of computational cameras, we provide new theory for analyzing resolution in such systems.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Oct 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 11.

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  1. 2021Untrained networks for compressive lensless photographycited by 13
  2. 2023Thin On-Sensor Nanophotonic Array Camerascited by 13
  3. 2024PhoCoLens: Photorealistic and Consistent Reconstruction in Lensless Imagingcited by 13
  4. 2022Unrolled Primal-Dual Networks for Lensless Camerascited by 8
  5. 2022Physics vs. Learned Priors: Rethinking Camera and Algorithm Design for Task-Specific Imagingcited by 6
  6. 2023Learning Lens Blur Fieldscited by 6
  7. 2024A Differentiable Wave Optics Model for End-to-End Computational Imaging System Optimizationcited by 6
  8. 2025LensNet: An End-to-End Learning Framework for Empirical Point Spread Function Modeling and Lensless Imaging Reconstructioncited by 6
  9. 2024Minimalist Vision with Freeform Pixelscited by 5
  10. 2025Degradation-Modeled Multipath Diffusion for Tunable Metalens Photographycited by 5
  11. 2021A Simple Framework for 3D Lensless Imaging with Programmable Maskscited by 4
  12. 2025Towards Robust and Generalizable Lensless Imaging with Modular Learned Reconstructioncited by 4
38 more
  1. 2021FourierNets enable the design of highly non-local optical encoders for computational imagingcited by 3
  2. 2022Privacy-Enhancing Optical Embeddings for Lensless Classificationcited by 3
  3. 2024LPSNet: End-to-End Human Pose and Shape Estimation with Lensless Imagingcited by 3
  4. 2025FlatTrack: Eye-tracking with ultra-thin lensless camerascited by 3
  5. 2025Repurposing Marigold for Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation via Defocus Blur Cuescited by 3
  6. 2021Diffractive lensless imaging with optimized Voronoi-Fresnel phasecited by 2
  7. 2023Angle Sensitive Pixels for Lensless Imaging on Spherical Sensorscited by 2
  8. 2024LenslessFace: An End-to-End Optimized Lensless System for Privacy-Preserving Face Verificationcited by 2
  9. 2024GANESH: Generalizable NeRF for Lensless Imagingcited by 2
  10. 2025Enabling High-Quality In-the-Wild Imaging from Severely Aberrated Metalens Burstscited by 2
  11. 2021Deep Camera Obscura: An Image Restoration Pipeline for Lensless Pinhole Photographycited by 1
  12. 2021Coded Illumination for Improved Lensless Imagingcited by 1
  13. 2022Learning rich optical embeddings for privacy-preserving lensless image classificationcited by 1
  14. 2022Text detection and recognition based on a lensless imaging systemcited by 1
  15. 2023mHealth hyperspectral learning for instantaneous spatiospectral imaging of hemodynamicscited by 1
  16. 2024Single-sample image-fusion upsampling of fluorescence lifetime imagescited by 1
  17. 2025Super-Resolution with Structured Motioncited by 1
  18. 2025Collaborative On-Sensor Array Camerascited by 1
  19. 2026Eleven Primitives and Three Gates: The Universal Structure of Computational Imagingcited by 1
  20. 2021Snapshot Compressive Imaging: Principle, Implementation, Theory, Algorithms and Applicationscited by 0
  21. 2022Hand Gestures Recognition in Videos Taken with Lensless Cameracited by 0
  22. 2024Machine Learning Resistant Amorphous Silicon Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs)cited by 0
  23. 2024Physics-informed generative real-time lens-free imagingcited by 0
  24. 2024Towards Physics-informed Cyclic Adversarial Multi-PSF Lensless Imagingcited by 0
  25. 2024Characterization of point-source transient events with a rolling-shutter compressed sensing systemcited by 0
  26. 2024Let There Be Light: Robust Lensless Imaging Under External Illumination With Deep Learningcited by 0
  27. 2024Single-Shot Phase Diversity Wavefront Sensing in Deep Turbulence via Metasurface Opticscited by 0
  28. 2025Physically Grounded Monocular Depth via Nanophotonic Wavefront Encodingcited by 0
  29. 2025LenslessMic: Audio Encryption and Authentication via Lensless Computational Imagingcited by 0
  30. 2026Revisiting 3D Reconstruction Kernels as Low-Pass Filterscited by 0
  31. 2026A Lensless Polarization Cameracited by 0
  32. 2026Guided Lensless Polarization Imagingcited by 0
  33. 2026DeepFilters: Scattering-Aware Pupil Engineering with Learned Digital Filter Reconstruction for Extended Depth of Field Microscopycited by 0
  34. 2026Lens Privacy Sealing: A New Benchmark and Method for Physical Privacy-Preserving Action Recognitioncited by 0
  35. 2026Dual-Integrated Low-Latency Single-Lens Infrared Computational Imaging for Object Detectioncited by 0
  36. 2026Integrated Forward-Inverse Network for Lensless Image Reconstructioncited by 0
  37. 2026LFD: Enabling Real-World Lensless Face Recognition with a Large-Scale Datasetcited by 0
  38. 2026Emergent Sparsity in Frozen Random CNN Feature Extractors for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0

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