FacePoseNet: Making a Case for Landmark-Free Face Alignment
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Abstract (arXiv)
We show how a simple convolutional neural network (CNN) can be trained to accurately and robustly regress 6 degrees of freedom (6DoF) 3D head pose, directly from image intensities. We further explain how this FacePoseNet (FPN) can be used to align faces in 2D and 3D as an alternative to explicit facial landmark detection for these tasks. We claim that in many cases the standard means of measuring landmark detector accuracy can be misleading when comparing different face alignments. Instead, we compare our FPN with existing methods by evaluating how they affect face recognition accuracy on the IJB-A and IJB-B benchmarks: using the same recognition pipeline, but varying the face alignment method. Our results show that (a) better landmark detection accuracy measured on the 300W benchmark does not necessarily imply better face recognition accuracy. (b) Our FPN provides superior 2D and 3D face alignment on both benchmarks. Finally, (c), FPN aligns faces at a small fraction of the computational cost of comparably accurate landmark detectors. For many purposes, FPN is thus a far faster and far more accurate face alignment method than using facial landmark detectors.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 10; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
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- 2021HyperInverter: Improving StyleGAN Inversion via Hypernetworkcited by 85
- 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidancecited by 77
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 33
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Imagecited by 31
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatarcited by 24
- 2022Multi-task head pose estimation in-the-wildcited by 22
- 2023Towards Robust and Unconstrained Full Range of Rotation Head Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2021Sparse to Dense Dynamic 3D Facial Expression Generationcited by 18
- 2022Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Imagecited by 9
- 2022Generating Multiple 4D Expression Transitions by Learning Face Landmark Trajectoriescited by 7
- 2022Towards Unbiased Label Distribution Learning for Facial Pose Estimation Using Anisotropic Spherical Gaussiancited by 7
9 more
- 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ datasetcited by 6
- 2022LwPosr: Lightweight Efficient Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimationcited by 4
- 2025LSF-Animation: Label-Free Speech-Driven Facial Animation via Implicit Feature Representationcited by 3
- 2021MultiFace: A Generic Training Mechanism for Boosting Face Recognition Performancecited by 1
- 2021SMOF: Squeezing More Out of Filters Yields Hardware-Friendly CNN Pruningcited by 1
- 2021Face Deblurring Based on Separable Normalization and Adaptive Denormalizationcited by 1
- 2022An Effective Deep Network for Head Pose Estimation without Keypointscited by 1
- 2021Boosting of Head Pose Estimation by Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 20243D Face Reconstruction From Radar Imagescited by 0
- 2025LSF-Animation: Label-Free Speech-Driven Facial Animation via Implicit Feature Representation23 Oct 2025
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatar11 Mar 2025
- 20243D Face Reconstruction From Radar Images3 Dec 2024
- 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ dataset28 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Robust and Unconstrained Full Range of Rotation Head Pose Estimation14 Sep 2023
- 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidance27 Dec 2022
- 2022An Effective Deep Network for Head Pose Estimation without Keypoints25 Oct 2022
- 2022Towards Unbiased Label Distribution Learning for Facial Pose Estimation Using Anisotropic Spherical Gaussian19 Aug 2022
- 2022Generating Multiple 4D Expression Transitions by Learning Face Landmark Trajectories29 Jul 2022
- 2022Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Image9 May 2022
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Image7 Apr 2022
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstruction18 Mar 2022
9 more
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactment25 Feb 2022
- 2022LwPosr: Lightweight Efficient Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimation7 Feb 2022
- 2022Multi-task head pose estimation in-the-wild4 Feb 2022
- 2021Face Deblurring Based on Separable Normalization and Adaptive Denormalization18 Dec 2021
- 2021HyperInverter: Improving StyleGAN Inversion via Hypernetwork1 Dec 2021
- 2021SMOF: Squeezing More Out of Filters Yields Hardware-Friendly CNN Pruning21 Oct 2021
- 2021Boosting of Head Pose Estimation by Knowledge Distillation20 Aug 2021
- 2021Sparse to Dense Dynamic 3D Facial Expression Generation16 May 2021
- 2021MultiFace: A Generic Training Mechanism for Boosting Face Recognition Performance25 Jan 2021
- 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidancecited by 77
- 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidance27 Dec 2022
- 2021HyperInverter: Improving StyleGAN Inversion via Hypernetworkcited by 85
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 33
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Imagecited by 31
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatarcited by 24
- 2022Multi-task head pose estimation in-the-wildcited by 22
- 2023Towards Robust and Unconstrained Full Range of Rotation Head Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2021Sparse to Dense Dynamic 3D Facial Expression Generationcited by 18
- 2022Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Imagecited by 9
- 2022Generating Multiple 4D Expression Transitions by Learning Face Landmark Trajectoriescited by 7
- 2022Towards Unbiased Label Distribution Learning for Facial Pose Estimation Using Anisotropic Spherical Gaussiancited by 7
- 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ datasetcited by 6
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2025LSF-Animation: Label-Free Speech-Driven Facial Animation via Implicit Feature Representation23 Oct 2025
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatar11 Mar 2025
- 20243D Face Reconstruction From Radar Images3 Dec 2024
- 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ dataset28 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Robust and Unconstrained Full Range of Rotation Head Pose Estimation14 Sep 2023
- 2022An Effective Deep Network for Head Pose Estimation without Keypoints25 Oct 2022
- 2022Towards Unbiased Label Distribution Learning for Facial Pose Estimation Using Anisotropic Spherical Gaussian19 Aug 2022
- 2022Generating Multiple 4D Expression Transitions by Learning Face Landmark Trajectories29 Jul 2022
- 2022Towards 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose from Monocular Image9 May 2022
- 2022DAD-3DHeads: A Large-scale Dense, Accurate and Diverse Dataset for 3D Head Alignment from a Single Image7 Apr 2022
- 2022REALY: Rethinking the Evaluation of 3D Face Reconstruction18 Mar 2022
- 2022FSGANv2: Improved Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactment25 Feb 2022
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)