Learning Cross-Modal Deep Representations for Robust Pedestrian Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a novel method for detecting pedestrians under adverse illumination conditions. Our approach relies on a novel cross-modality learning framework and it is based on two main phases. First, given a multimodal dataset, a deep convolutional network is employed to learn a non-linear mapping, modeling the relations between RGB and thermal data. Then, the learned feature representations are transferred to a second deep network, which receives as input an RGB image and outputs the detection results. In this way, features which are both discriminative and robust to bad illumination conditions are learned. Importantly, at test time, only the second pipeline is considered and no thermal data are required. Our extensive evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of- the-art on the challenging KAIST multispectral pedestrian dataset and it is competitive with previous methods on the popular Caltech dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 3; 2023: 6; 2024: 7; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
34 papers.
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- 2021What Makes Multi-modal Learning Better than Single (Provably)cited by 153
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 68
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 50
- 2021Cross-modal Consensus Network for Weakly Supervised Temporal Action Localizationcited by 34
- 2022Cross-Spectral Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 27
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuningcited by 17
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2023Robust 3D Object Detection from LiDAR-Radar Point Clouds via Cross-Modal Feature Augmentationcited by 12
- 2021Siamese Infrared and Visible Light Fusion Network for RGB-T Trackingcited by 11
22 more
- 2024Transformer RGBT Tracking with Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tokenscited by 11
- 2021Probabilistic Graph Attention Network with Conditional Kernels for Pixel-Wise Predictioncited by 8
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 8
- 2024Cross-spectral Gated-RGB Stereo Depth Estimationcited by 8
- 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized imagescited by 7
- 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoUcited by 7
- 2021Pseudo-LiDAR Based Road Detectioncited by 6
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmarkcited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospectscited by 5
- 2025Surformer v1: Transformer-Based Surface Classification Using Tactile and Vision Featurescited by 4
- 2021A Survey on Deep Domain Adaptation and Tiny Object Detection Challenges, Techniques and Datasetscited by 3
- 2021Illumination and Temperature-Aware Multispectral Networks for Edge-Computing-Enabled Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detectioncited by 3
- 2023Erasure-based Interaction Network for RGBT Video Object Detection and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 3
- 2023MS23D: A 3D Object Detection Method Using Multi-Scale Semantic Feature Points to Construct 3D Feature Layercited by 3
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2021Variational Structured Attention Networks for Deep Visual Representation Learningcited by 2
- 2021Partially fake it till you make it: mixing real and fake thermal images for improved object detectioncited by 2
- 2021ARTSeg: Employing Attention for Thermal images Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
- 2023PV-SSD: A Multi-Modal Point Cloud Feature Fusion Method for Projection Features and Variable Receptive Field Voxel Featurescited by 1
- 2025BEVMOSNet: Multimodal Fusion for BEV Moving Object Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignmentcited by 0
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2025Surformer v1: Transformer-Based Surface Classification Using Tactile and Vision Features7 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025BEVMOSNet: Multimodal Fusion for BEV Moving Object Segmentation5 Mar 2025
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection21 May 2024
- 2024Cross-spectral Gated-RGB Stereo Depth Estimation21 May 2024
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuning26 Apr 2024
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmark29 Mar 2024
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detection22 Mar 2024
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Survey15 Jan 2024
- 2024Transformer RGBT Tracking with Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tokens3 Jan 2024
- 2023Robust 3D Object Detection from LiDAR-Radar Point Clouds via Cross-Modal Feature Augmentation29 Sep 2023
22 more
- 2023MS23D: A 3D Object Detection Method Using Multi-Scale Semantic Feature Points to Construct 3D Feature Layer31 Aug 2023
- 2023PV-SSD: A Multi-Modal Point Cloud Feature Fusion Method for Projection Features and Variable Receptive Field Voxel Features13 Aug 2023
- 2023Erasure-based Interaction Network for RGBT Video Object Detection and A Unified Benchmark3 Aug 2023
- 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detection17 Feb 2023
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimization1 Feb 2023
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detection28 Sep 2022
- 2022Cross-Spectral Neural Radiance Fields1 Sep 2022
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detection21 Apr 2022
- 2021Illumination and Temperature-Aware Multispectral Networks for Edge-Computing-Enabled Pedestrian Detection9 Dec 2021
- 2021ARTSeg: Employing Attention for Thermal images Semantic Segmentation30 Nov 2021
- 2021Pseudo-LiDAR Based Road Detection28 Jul 2021
- 2021Cross-modal Consensus Network for Weakly Supervised Temporal Action Localization27 Jul 2021
- 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoU23 Jul 2021
- 2021A Survey on Deep Domain Adaptation and Tiny Object Detection Challenges, Techniques and Datasets16 Jul 2021
- 2021Partially fake it till you make it: mixing real and fake thermal images for improved object detection25 Jun 2021
- 2021What Makes Multi-modal Learning Better than Single (Provably)8 Jun 2021
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Driving26 May 2021
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensembling7 Apr 2021
- 2021Siamese Infrared and Visible Light Fusion Network for RGB-T Tracking12 Mar 2021
- 2021Variational Structured Attention Networks for Deep Visual Representation Learning5 Mar 2021
- 2021Robust pedestrian detection in thermal imagery using synthesized images3 Feb 2021
- 2021Probabilistic Graph Attention Network with Conditional Kernels for Pixel-Wise Prediction8 Jan 2021
- 2021What Makes Multi-modal Learning Better than Single (Provably)cited by 153
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 68
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 50
- 2021Cross-modal Consensus Network for Weakly Supervised Temporal Action Localizationcited by 34
- 2022Cross-Spectral Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 27
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuningcited by 17
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2023Robust 3D Object Detection from LiDAR-Radar Point Clouds via Cross-Modal Feature Augmentationcited by 12
- 2021Siamese Infrared and Visible Light Fusion Network for RGB-T Trackingcited by 11
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2025Surformer v1: Transformer-Based Surface Classification Using Tactile and Vision Features7 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025BEVMOSNet: Multimodal Fusion for BEV Moving Object Segmentation5 Mar 2025
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection21 May 2024
- 2024Cross-spectral Gated-RGB Stereo Depth Estimation21 May 2024
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuning26 Apr 2024
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmark29 Mar 2024
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detection22 Mar 2024
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Survey15 Jan 2024
- 2024Transformer RGBT Tracking with Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tokens3 Jan 2024
- 2023Robust 3D Object Detection from LiDAR-Radar Point Clouds via Cross-Modal Feature Augmentation29 Sep 2023
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)