Connecting Generative Adversarial Networks and Actor-Critic Methods
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Abstract (arXiv)
Both generative adversarial networks (GAN) in unsupervised learning and actor-critic methods in reinforcement learning (RL) have gained a reputation for being difficult to optimize. Practitioners in both fields have amassed a large number of strategies to mitigate these instabilities and improve training. Here we show that GANs can be viewed as actor-critic methods in an environment where the actor cannot affect the reward. We review the strategies for stabilizing training for each class of models, both those that generalize between the two and those that are particular to that model. We also review a number of extensions to GANs and RL algorithms with even more complicated information flow. We hope that by highlighting this formal connection we will encourage both GAN and RL communities to develop general, scalable, and stable algorithms for multilevel optimization with deep networks, and to draw inspiration across communities.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2018: 1; 2019: 1; 2020: 1; 2021: 16; 2022: 12; 2023: 9; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Investigating Bi-Level Optimization for Learning and Vision from a Unified Perspective: A Survey and Beyondcited by 151
- 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
- 2023ATT3D: Amortized Text-to-3D Object Synthesiscited by 87
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- 2021Stochastic Gradient Descent-Ascent and Consensus Optimization for Smooth Games: Convergence Analysis under Expected Co-coercivitycited by 43
- 2022TeachAugment: Data Augmentation Optimization Using Teacher Knowledgecited by 37
- 2018Sample-Efficient Imitation Learning via Generative Adversarial Netscited by 36
- 2021Stochastic Extragradient: General Analysis and Improved Ratescited by 31
- 2022On Implicit Bias in Overparameterized Bilevel Optimizationcited by 30
37 more
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- 2022L2C2: Locally Lipschitz Continuous Constraint towards Stable and Smooth Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2020Lipschitzness Is All You Need To Tame Off-policy Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 15
- 2022The Curse of Unrolling: Rate of Differentiating Through Optimizationcited by 15
- 2021Complex Momentum for Optimization in Gamescited by 11
- 2021Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in Networking: A Comprehensive Survey & Evaluationcited by 11
- 2022Max-Min Off-Policy Actor-Critic Method Focusing on Worst-Case Robustness to Model Misspecificationcited by 11
- 2022Subverting machines, fluctuating identities: Re-learning human categorizationcited by 10
- 2024Multi-Sender Persuasion: A Computational Perspectivecited by 9
- 2021Lyapunov Exponents for Diversity in Differentiable Gamescited by 8
- 2023Stochastic Methods in Variational Inequalities: Ergodicity, Bias and Refinementscited by 6
- 2019Situated GAIL: Multitask imitation using task-conditioned adversarial inverse reinforcement learningcited by 4
- 2023Learning with Constraint Learning: New Perspective, Solution Strategy and Various Applicationscited by 4
- 2024Dissipative Gradient Descent Ascent Method: A Control Theory Inspired Algorithm for Min-max Optimizationcited by 4
- 2022Imitating, Fast and Slow: Robust learning from demonstrations via decision-time planningcited by 3
- 2022Revisiting GANs by Best-Response Constraint: Perspective, Methodology, and Applicationcited by 3
- 2023Hierarchical Optimization-Derived Learningcited by 3
- 2023OER: Offline Experience Replay for Continual Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2026Fine-grained Analysis of Stability and Generalization for Stochastic Bilevel Optimizationcited by 3
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- 2026SHIFT: Motion Alignment in Video Diffusion Models with Adversarial Hybrid Fine-Tuningcited by 2
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- 2023Video Anomaly Detection using GANcited by 1
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- 2026Deep Reinforcement Learning for Equity Trading: Benchmarking Actor-Critic Methods with Forward Retraining25 Sep 2026
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- 2026Fine-grained Analysis of Stability and Generalization for Stochastic Bilevel Optimization5 Apr 2026
- 2026SHIFT: Motion Alignment in Video Diffusion Models with Adversarial Hybrid Fine-Tuning18 Mar 2026
- 2025Conditional Policy Generator for Dynamic Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization21 Sep 2025
- 2025qNBO: quasi-Newton Meets Bilevel Optimization3 Feb 2025
- 2024Exploring the Generalization Capabilities of AID-based Bi-level Optimization25 Nov 2024
- 2024Dissipative Gradient Descent Ascent Method: A Control Theory Inspired Algorithm for Min-max Optimization14 Mar 2024
- 2024Multi-Sender Persuasion: A Computational Perspective7 Feb 2024
- 2023Video Anomaly Detection using GAN23 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning with Constraint Learning: New Perspective, Solution Strategy and Various Applications28 Jul 2023
- 2023Stochastic Methods in Variational Inequalities: Ergodicity, Bias and Refinements28 Jun 2023
37 more
- 2023Omega: Optimistic EMA Gradients13 Jun 2023
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- 2023OER: Offline Experience Replay for Continual Offline Reinforcement Learning23 May 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Optimization-Derived Learning11 Feb 2023
- 2023Averaged Method of Multipliers for Bi-Level Optimization without Lower-Level Strong Convexity7 Feb 2023
- 2023DIRECT: Learning from Sparse and Shifting Rewards using Discriminative Reward Co-Training18 Jan 2023
- 2022On Implicit Bias in Overparameterized Bilevel Optimization28 Dec 2022
- 2022When is Momentum Extragradient Optimal? A Polynomial-Based Analysis9 Nov 2022
- 2022Max-Min Off-Policy Actor-Critic Method Focusing on Worst-Case Robustness to Model Misspecification7 Nov 2022
- 2022The Curse of Unrolling: Rate of Differentiating Through Optimization27 Sep 2022
- 2022Subverting machines, fluctuating identities: Re-learning human categorization27 May 2022
- 2022Revisiting GANs by Best-Response Constraint: Perspective, Methodology, and Application20 May 2022
- 2022Towards Extremely Fast Bilevel Optimization with Self-governed Convergence Guarantees20 May 2022
- 2022CAMEO: Curiosity Augmented Metropolis for Exploratory Optimal Policies19 May 2022
- 2022Beyond backpropagation: bilevel optimization through implicit differentiation and equilibrium propagation6 May 2022
- 2022Imitating, Fast and Slow: Robust learning from demonstrations via decision-time planning7 Apr 2022
- 2022TeachAugment: Data Augmentation Optimization Using Teacher Knowledge25 Feb 2022
- 2022L2C2: Locally Lipschitz Continuous Constraint towards Stable and Smooth Reinforcement Learning15 Feb 2022
- 2021Lyapunov Exponents for Diversity in Differentiable Games24 Dec 2021
- 2021Stochastic Extragradient: General Analysis and Improved Rates16 Nov 2021
- 2021Value-Function-based Sequential Minimization for Bi-level Optimization11 Oct 2021
- 2021Towards Gradient-based Bilevel Optimization with Non-convex Followers and Beyond1 Oct 2021
- 2021Hindsight Reward Tweaking via Conditional Deep Reinforcement Learning6 Sep 2021
- 2021Parallelized Reverse Curriculum Generation4 Aug 2021
- 2021Stateless actor-critic for instance segmentation with high-level priors6 Jul 2021
- 2021Stochastic Gradient Descent-Ascent and Consensus Optimization for Smooth Games: Convergence Analysis under Expected Co-coercivity30 Jun 2021
- 2021A Value-Function-based Interior-point Method for Non-convex Bi-level Optimization15 Jun 2021
- 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Survey10 May 2021
- 2021Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in Networking: A Comprehensive Survey & Evaluation10 May 2021
- 2021DeepSMOTE: Fusing Deep Learning and SMOTE for Imbalanced Data5 May 2021
- 2021Complex Momentum for Optimization in Games16 Feb 2021
- 2021Adversarially Guided Actor-Critic8 Feb 2021
- 2021Generative deep learning for decision making in gas networks3 Feb 2021
- 2021Investigating Bi-Level Optimization for Learning and Vision from a Unified Perspective: A Survey and Beyond27 Jan 2021
- 2020Lipschitzness Is All You Need To Tame Off-policy Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning28 Jun 2020
- 2019Situated GAIL: Multitask imitation using task-conditioned adversarial inverse reinforcement learning1 Nov 2019
- 2018Sample-Efficient Imitation Learning via Generative Adversarial Nets6 Sep 2018
- 2018Sample-Efficient Imitation Learning via Generative Adversarial Netscited by 36
- 2020Lipschitzness Is All You Need To Tame Off-policy Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 15
- 2019Situated GAIL: Multitask imitation using task-conditioned adversarial inverse reinforcement learningcited by 4
- 2022Imitating, Fast and Slow: Robust learning from demonstrations via decision-time planningcited by 3
- 2023OER: Offline Experience Replay for Continual Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2023OER: Offline Experience Replay for Continual Offline Reinforcement Learning23 May 2023
- 2022Imitating, Fast and Slow: Robust learning from demonstrations via decision-time planning7 Apr 2022
- 2020Lipschitzness Is All You Need To Tame Off-policy Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning28 Jun 2020
- 2019Situated GAIL: Multitask imitation using task-conditioned adversarial inverse reinforcement learning1 Nov 2019
- 2018Sample-Efficient Imitation Learning via Generative Adversarial Nets6 Sep 2018
- 2021Investigating Bi-Level Optimization for Learning and Vision from a Unified Perspective: A Survey and Beyondcited by 151
- 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
- 2023ATT3D: Amortized Text-to-3D Object Synthesiscited by 87
- 2021DeepSMOTE: Fusing Deep Learning and SMOTE for Imbalanced Datacited by 62
- 2021Towards Gradient-based Bilevel Optimization with Non-convex Followers and Beyondcited by 62
- 2021A Value-Function-based Interior-point Method for Non-convex Bi-level Optimizationcited by 60
- 2021Adversarially Guided Actor-Criticcited by 47
- 2021Stochastic Gradient Descent-Ascent and Consensus Optimization for Smooth Games: Convergence Analysis under Expected Co-coercivitycited by 43
- 2022TeachAugment: Data Augmentation Optimization Using Teacher Knowledgecited by 37
- 2021Stochastic Extragradient: General Analysis and Improved Ratescited by 31
- 2022On Implicit Bias in Overparameterized Bilevel Optimizationcited by 30
- 2022Beyond backpropagation: bilevel optimization through implicit differentiation and equilibrium propagationcited by 26
12 most cited of 43 All 43 (JSON)
- 2026Deep Reinforcement Learning for Equity Trading: Benchmarking Actor-Critic Methods with Forward Retraining25 Sep 2026
- 2026Shuffling the Data, Stretching the Step-size: Sharper Bias in constant step-size SGD11 Apr 2026
- 2026Fine-grained Analysis of Stability and Generalization for Stochastic Bilevel Optimization5 Apr 2026
- 2025Conditional Policy Generator for Dynamic Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization21 Sep 2025
- 2025qNBO: quasi-Newton Meets Bilevel Optimization3 Feb 2025
- 2024Exploring the Generalization Capabilities of AID-based Bi-level Optimization25 Nov 2024
- 2024Dissipative Gradient Descent Ascent Method: A Control Theory Inspired Algorithm for Min-max Optimization14 Mar 2024
- 2024Multi-Sender Persuasion: A Computational Perspective7 Feb 2024
- 2023Video Anomaly Detection using GAN23 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning with Constraint Learning: New Perspective, Solution Strategy and Various Applications28 Jul 2023
- 2023Stochastic Methods in Variational Inequalities: Ergodicity, Bias and Refinements28 Jun 2023
- 2023Omega: Optimistic EMA Gradients13 Jun 2023
12 newest of 43 All 43 (JSON)