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End-to-end optimization of nonlinear transform codes for perceptual quality

arXiv 1607.05006 ↗First posted 18 Jul 2016cs.IT cs.CV math.ITcited by 72

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce a general framework for end-to-end optimization of the rate--distortion performance of nonlinear transform codes assuming scalar quantization. The framework can be used to optimize any differentiable pair of analysis and synthesis transforms in combination with any differentiable perceptual metric. As an example, we consider a code built from a linear transform followed by a form of multi-dimensional local gain control. Distortion is measured with a state-of-the-art perceptual metric. When optimized over a large database of images, this representation offers substantial improvements in bitrate and perceptual appearance over fixed (DCT) codes, and over linear transform codes optimized for mean squared error.

Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Jul 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 17; 2023: 13; 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 4.

72 papers.

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  2. 2022Entroformer: A Transformer-based Entropy Model for Learned Image Compressioncited by 102
  3. 2022An Introduction to Neural Data Compressioncited by 78
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  5. 2021ELF-VC: Efficient Learned Flexible-Rate Video Codingcited by 68
  6. 2024Learning by Reconstruction Produces Uninformative Features For Perceptioncited by 54
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  8. 2021Learned Image Compression with Gaussian-Laplacian-Logistic Mixture Model and Concatenated Residual Modulescited by 33
  9. 2025Joint Embedding vs Reconstruction: Provable Benefits of Latent Space Prediction for Self Supervised Learningcited by 33
  10. 2022Lossy Image Compression with Quantized Hierarchical VAEscited by 32
  11. 2021Extending Neural P-frame Codecs for B-frame Codingcited by 30
  12. 2022AlphaVC: High-Performance and Efficient Learned Video Compressioncited by 28
38 more
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  3. 2023Computationally-Efficient Neural Image Compression with Shallow Decoderscited by 22
  4. 2021LVAC: Learned Volumetric Attribute Compression for Point Clouds using Coordinate Based Networkscited by 19
  5. 2022MobileCodec: Neural Inter-frame Video Compression on Mobile Devicescited by 15
  6. 2023M2T: Masking Transformers Twice for Faster Decodingcited by 14
  7. 2023Frequency Disentangled Features in Neural Image Compressioncited by 14
  8. 2021IICNet: A Generic Framework for Reversible Image Conversioncited by 13
  9. 2024HPC: Hierarchical Progressive Coding Framework for Volumetric Videocited by 13
  10. 2022Scale-arbitrary Invertible Image Downscalingcited by 11
  11. 2025Lossy Neural Compression for Geospatial Analytics: A Reviewcited by 10
  12. 2021Insights from Generative Modeling for Neural Video Compressioncited by 9
  13. 2021Image Compression with Recurrent Neural Network and Generalized Divisive Normalizationcited by 9
  14. 2021Self-Organized Variational Autoencoders (Self-VAE) for Learned Image Compressioncited by 8
  15. 2022Attention-Based Generative Neural Image Compression on Solar Dynamics Observatorycited by 8
  16. 2024Generalized Gaussian Model for Learned Image Compressioncited by 8
  17. 2021Rate Distortion Characteristic Modeling for Neural Image Compressioncited by 6
  18. 2021OSLO: On-the-Sphere Learning for Omnidirectional images and its application to 360-degree image compressioncited by 6
  19. 2022Optimizing Image Compression via Joint Learning with Denoisingcited by 6
  20. 2022IDLat: An Importance-Driven Latent Generation Method for Scientific Datacited by 6
  21. 2022Learned Image Compression with Generalized Octave Convolution and Cross-Resolution Parameter Estimationcited by 6
  22. 2023Sandwiched Video Compression: Efficiently Extending the Reach of Standard Codecs with Neural Wrapperscited by 6
  23. 2023Exploring Resolution Fields for Scalable Image Compression with Uncertainty Guidancecited by 6
  24. 2022Reducing Redundancy in the Bottleneck Representation of the Autoencoderscited by 5
  25. 2024Uncertainty-Aware Deep Video Compression with Ensemblescited by 5
  26. 2022Variable Rate Compression for Raw 3D Point Cloudscited by 4
  27. 2022Video Coding Using Learned Latent GAN Compressioncited by 4
  28. 2024Neural NeRF Compressioncited by 4
  29. 2023Volumetric Attribute Compression for 3D Point Clouds using Feedforward Network with Geometric Attentioncited by 3
  30. 2023Make Lossy Compression Meaningful for Low-Light Imagescited by 3
  31. 2022Recognition-Aware Learned Image Compressioncited by 2
  32. 2023Exploring the Rate-Distortion-Complexity Optimization in Neural Image Compressioncited by 2
  33. 2023GAN-based Image Compression with Improved RDO Processcited by 2
  34. 20253DM-WeConvene: Learned Image Compression with 3D Multi-Level Wavelet-Domain Convolution and Entropy Modelcited by 2
  35. 2021Principal Bit Analysis: Autoencoding with Schur-Concave Losscited by 1
  36. 2023Multi-spectral Entropy Constrained Neural Compression of Solar Imagerycited by 1
  37. 2023CPIPS: Learning to Preserve Perceptual Distances in End-to-End Image Compressioncited by 1
  38. 2023Neural-based Compression Scheme for Solar Image Datacited by 1

50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)