Single-Channel Multi-Speaker Separation using Deep Clustering
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep clustering is a recently introduced deep learning architecture that uses discriminatively trained embeddings as the basis for clustering. It was recently applied to spectrogram segmentation, resulting in impressive results on speaker-independent multi-speaker separation. In this paper we extend the baseline system with an end-to-end signal approximation objective that greatly improves performance on a challenging speech separation. We first significantly improve upon the baseline system performance by incorporating better regularization, larger temporal context, and a deeper architecture, culminating in an overall improvement in signal to distortion ratio (SDR) of 10.3 dB compared to the baseline of 6.0 dB for two-speaker separation, as well as a 7.1 dB SDR improvement for three-speaker separation. We then extend the model to incorporate an enhancement layer to refine the signal estimates, and perform end-to-end training through both the clustering and enhancement stages to maximize signal fidelity. We evaluate the results using automatic speech recognition. The new signal approximation objective, combined with end-to-end training, produces unprecedented performance, reducing the word error rate (WER) from 89.1% down to 30.8%. This represents a major advancement towards solving the cocktail party problem.
Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Jul 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 16; 2023: 8; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
45 papers.
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- 2022Streaming Multi-Talker ASR with Token-Level Serialized Output Trainingcited by 37
- 2021Visual Scene Graphs for Audio Source Separationcited by 29
- 2022Real-Time Target Sound Extractioncited by 22
- 2021Personalized Speech Enhancement: New Models and Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 18
- 2024Instruct-MusicGen: Unlocking Text-to-Music Editing for Music Language Models via Instruction Tuningcited by 15
- 2022Heterogeneous Target Speech Separationcited by 13
- 2021Many-Speakers Single Channel Speech Separation with Optimal Permutation Trainingcited by 11
- 2021Discretization and Re-synthesis: an alternative method to solve the Cocktail Party Problemcited by 11
- 2021Multi-turn RNN-T for streaming recognition of multi-party speechcited by 10
- 2025SoloSpeech: Enhancing Intelligibility and Quality in Target Speech Extraction through a Cascaded Generative Pipelinecited by 9
- 2021Teacher-Student MixIT for Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Speech Separationcited by 8
- 2021Weight, Block or Unit? Exploring Sparsity Tradeoffs for Speech Enhancement on Tiny Neural Acceleratorscited by 8
33 more
- 2022Target Speaker Voice Activity Detection with Transformers and Its Integration with End-to-End Neural Diarizationcited by 7
- 2021TriBERT: Full-body Human-centric Audio-visual Representation Learning for Visual Sound Separationcited by 6
- 2022Latent Iterative Refinement for Modular Source Separationcited by 6
- 2023X-SepFormer: End-to-end Speaker Extraction Network with Explicit Optimization on Speaker Confusioncited by 6
- 2023Typing to Listen at the Cocktail Party: Text-Guided Target Speaker Extractioncited by 6
- 2022Optimal Condition Training for Target Source Separationcited by 5
- 2024SepMamba: State-space models for speaker separation using Mambacited by 5
- 2021Stepwise-Refining Speech Separation Network via Fine-Grained Encoding in High-order Latent Domaincited by 4
- 2023AudioSlots: A slot-centric generative model for audio separationcited by 4
- 2023Mixture Encoder for Joint Speech Separation and Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025A Study of the Scale Invariant Signal to Distortion Ratio in Speech Separation with Noisy Referencescited by 4
- 2022Separator-Transducer-Segmenter: Streaming Recognition and Segmentation of Multi-party Speechcited by 3
- 2022Deformable Temporal Convolutional Networks for Monaural Noisy Reverberant Speech Separationcited by 3
- 2022Deep neural network techniques for monaural speech enhancement: state of the art analysiscited by 3
- 2023On Time Domain Conformer Models for Monaural Speech Separation in Noisy Reverberant Acoustic Environmentscited by 3
- 2026SCENEBench: An Audio Understanding Benchmark Grounded in Assistive and Industrial Use Casescited by 3
- 2021Audio-Visual Speech Separation Using Cross-Modal Correspondence Losscited by 2
- 2022Reverberation as Supervision for Speech Separationcited by 2
- 2023On Data Sampling Strategies for Training Neural Network Speech Separation Modelscited by 2
- 2023Speaker Mask Transformer for Multi-talker Overlapped Speech Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022Extended Graph Temporal Classification for Multi-Speaker End-to-End ASRcited by 1
- 2022Late Audio-Visual Fusion for In-The-Wild Speaker Diarizationcited by 1
- 2024Transcription-Free Fine-Tuning of Speech Separation Models for Noisy and Reverberant Multi-Speaker Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024Robustness of Speech Separation Models for Similar-pitch Speakerscited by 1
- 2021Manifold-Aware Deep Clustering: Maximizing Angles between Embedding Vectors Based on Regular Simplexcited by 0
- 2021Sparsely Overlapped Speech Training in the Time Domain: Joint Learning of Target Speech Separation and Personal VAD Benefitscited by 0
- 2022Coarse-to-Fine Recursive Speech Separation for Unknown Number of Speakerscited by 0
- 2022An Empirical Analysis on the Vulnerabilities of End-to-End Speech Segregation Modelscited by 0
- 2022SANE-TTS: Stable And Natural End-to-End Multilingual Text-to-Speechcited by 0
- 2022Individualized Conditioning and Negative Distances for Speaker Separationcited by 0
- 2023Complete and separate: Conditional separation with missing target source attribute completioncited by 0
- 2025Passive Underwater Acoustic Signal Separation based on Feature Decoupling Dual-path Networkcited by 0
- 2026SURF: Separation via Unsupervised Remixing Flowcited by 0
- 2026SURF: Separation via Unsupervised Remixing Flow3 Jun 2026
- 2026SCENEBench: An Audio Understanding Benchmark Grounded in Assistive and Industrial Use Cases10 Mar 2026
- 2025A Study of the Scale Invariant Signal to Distortion Ratio in Speech Separation with Noisy References20 Aug 2025
- 2025SoloSpeech: Enhancing Intelligibility and Quality in Target Speech Extraction through a Cascaded Generative Pipeline25 May 2025
- 2025Passive Underwater Acoustic Signal Separation based on Feature Decoupling Dual-path Network11 Apr 2025
- 2024SepMamba: State-space models for speaker separation using Mamba28 Oct 2024
- 2024Robustness of Speech Separation Models for Similar-pitch Speakers22 Jul 2024
- 2024Transcription-Free Fine-Tuning of Speech Separation Models for Noisy and Reverberant Multi-Speaker Automatic Speech Recognition13 Jun 2024
- 2024Instruct-MusicGen: Unlocking Text-to-Music Editing for Music Language Models via Instruction Tuning28 May 2024
- 2023Speaker Mask Transformer for Multi-talker Overlapped Speech Recognition18 Dec 2023
- 2023Typing to Listen at the Cocktail Party: Text-Guided Target Speaker Extraction11 Oct 2023
- 2023On Time Domain Conformer Models for Monaural Speech Separation in Noisy Reverberant Acoustic Environments9 Oct 2023
33 more
- 2023Complete and separate: Conditional separation with missing target source attribute completion27 Jul 2023
- 2023Mixture Encoder for Joint Speech Separation and Recognition21 Jun 2023
- 2023AudioSlots: A slot-centric generative model for audio separation9 May 2023
- 2023On Data Sampling Strategies for Training Neural Network Speech Separation Models14 Apr 2023
- 2023X-SepFormer: End-to-end Speaker Extraction Network with Explicit Optimization on Speaker Confusion9 Mar 2023
- 2022Deep neural network techniques for monaural speech enhancement: state of the art analysis1 Dec 2022
- 2022Latent Iterative Refinement for Modular Source Separation22 Nov 2022
- 2022Reverberation as Supervision for Speech Separation15 Nov 2022
- 2022Optimal Condition Training for Target Source Separation11 Nov 2022
- 2022Real-Time Target Sound Extraction4 Nov 2022
- 2022Late Audio-Visual Fusion for In-The-Wild Speaker Diarization2 Nov 2022
- 2022Deformable Temporal Convolutional Networks for Monaural Noisy Reverberant Speech Separation27 Oct 2022
- 2022Individualized Conditioning and Negative Distances for Speaker Separation12 Oct 2022
- 2022Target Speaker Voice Activity Detection with Transformers and Its Integration with End-to-End Neural Diarization27 Aug 2022
- 2022SANE-TTS: Stable And Natural End-to-End Multilingual Text-to-Speech24 Jun 2022
- 2022An Empirical Analysis on the Vulnerabilities of End-to-End Speech Segregation Models20 Jun 2022
- 2022Separator-Transducer-Segmenter: Streaming Recognition and Segmentation of Multi-party Speech10 May 2022
- 2022Heterogeneous Target Speech Separation7 Apr 2022
- 2022Coarse-to-Fine Recursive Speech Separation for Unknown Number of Speakers30 Mar 2022
- 2022Extended Graph Temporal Classification for Multi-Speaker End-to-End ASR1 Mar 2022
- 2022Streaming Multi-Talker ASR with Token-Level Serialized Output Training2 Feb 2022
- 2021Multi-turn RNN-T for streaming recognition of multi-party speech19 Dec 2021
- 2021Discretization and Re-synthesis: an alternative method to solve the Cocktail Party Problem17 Dec 2021
- 2021Weight, Block or Unit? Exploring Sparsity Tradeoffs for Speech Enhancement on Tiny Neural Accelerators3 Nov 2021
- 2021TriBERT: Full-body Human-centric Audio-visual Representation Learning for Visual Sound Separation26 Oct 2021
- 2021Personalized Speech Enhancement: New Models and Comprehensive Evaluation18 Oct 2021
- 2021Stepwise-Refining Speech Separation Network via Fine-Grained Encoding in High-order Latent Domain10 Oct 2021
- 2021Visual Scene Graphs for Audio Source Separation24 Sep 2021
- 2021Sparsely Overlapped Speech Training in the Time Domain: Joint Learning of Target Speech Separation and Personal VAD Benefits28 Jun 2021
- 2021Teacher-Student MixIT for Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Speech Separation15 Jun 2021
- 2021Manifold-Aware Deep Clustering: Maximizing Angles between Embedding Vectors Based on Regular Simplex4 Jun 2021
- 2021Many-Speakers Single Channel Speech Separation with Optimal Permutation Training18 Apr 2021
- 2021Audio-Visual Speech Separation Using Cross-Modal Correspondence Loss2 Mar 2021
- 2026SURF: Separation via Unsupervised Remixing Flowcited by 0
- 2026SURF: Separation via Unsupervised Remixing Flow3 Jun 2026
- 2022Streaming Multi-Talker ASR with Token-Level Serialized Output Trainingcited by 37
- 2021Visual Scene Graphs for Audio Source Separationcited by 29
- 2022Real-Time Target Sound Extractioncited by 22
- 2021Personalized Speech Enhancement: New Models and Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 18
- 2024Instruct-MusicGen: Unlocking Text-to-Music Editing for Music Language Models via Instruction Tuningcited by 15
- 2022Heterogeneous Target Speech Separationcited by 13
- 2021Many-Speakers Single Channel Speech Separation with Optimal Permutation Trainingcited by 11
- 2021Discretization and Re-synthesis: an alternative method to solve the Cocktail Party Problemcited by 11
- 2021Multi-turn RNN-T for streaming recognition of multi-party speechcited by 10
- 2025SoloSpeech: Enhancing Intelligibility and Quality in Target Speech Extraction through a Cascaded Generative Pipelinecited by 9
- 2021Teacher-Student MixIT for Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Speech Separationcited by 8
- 2021Weight, Block or Unit? Exploring Sparsity Tradeoffs for Speech Enhancement on Tiny Neural Acceleratorscited by 8
12 most cited of 43 All 43 (JSON)
- 2026SCENEBench: An Audio Understanding Benchmark Grounded in Assistive and Industrial Use Cases10 Mar 2026
- 2025A Study of the Scale Invariant Signal to Distortion Ratio in Speech Separation with Noisy References20 Aug 2025
- 2025SoloSpeech: Enhancing Intelligibility and Quality in Target Speech Extraction through a Cascaded Generative Pipeline25 May 2025
- 2025Passive Underwater Acoustic Signal Separation based on Feature Decoupling Dual-path Network11 Apr 2025
- 2024Robustness of Speech Separation Models for Similar-pitch Speakers22 Jul 2024
- 2024Transcription-Free Fine-Tuning of Speech Separation Models for Noisy and Reverberant Multi-Speaker Automatic Speech Recognition13 Jun 2024
- 2024Instruct-MusicGen: Unlocking Text-to-Music Editing for Music Language Models via Instruction Tuning28 May 2024
- 2023Speaker Mask Transformer for Multi-talker Overlapped Speech Recognition18 Dec 2023
- 2023Typing to Listen at the Cocktail Party: Text-Guided Target Speaker Extraction11 Oct 2023
- 2023On Time Domain Conformer Models for Monaural Speech Separation in Noisy Reverberant Acoustic Environments9 Oct 2023
- 2023Complete and separate: Conditional separation with missing target source attribute completion27 Jul 2023
- 2023Mixture Encoder for Joint Speech Separation and Recognition21 Jun 2023
12 newest of 43 All 43 (JSON)