Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum
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Abstract (arXiv)
Bots are social media accounts that automate interaction with other users, and they are active on the StrongerIn-Brexit conversation happening over Twitter. These automated scripts generate content through these platforms and then interact with people. Political bots are automated accounts that are particularly active on public policy issues, elections, and political crises. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots during the UK referendum on EU membership, we analyze the tweeting patterns for both human users and bots. We find that political bots have a small but strategic role in the referendum conversations: (1) the family of hashtags associated with the argument for leaving the EU dominates, (2) different perspectives on the issue utilize different levels of automation, and (3) less than 1 percent of sampled accounts generate almost a third of all the messages.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Jun 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 0; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
8 papers.
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- 2024Dynamic Normativity: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Value Alignmentcited by 3
- 2024Engineering Trustworthy AI: A Developer Guide for Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 3
- 2021Random Walks with Erasure: Diversifying Personalized Recommendations on Social and Information Networkscited by 0
- 2024Large Language Models Reveal Information Operation Goals, Tactics, and Narrative Framescited by 0
- 2025Public Discourse Sandbox: Facilitating Human and AI Digital Communication Researchcited by 0
- 2025Public Discourse Sandbox: Facilitating Human and AI Digital Communication Research27 May 2025
- 2024Engineering Trustworthy AI: A Developer Guide for Empirical Risk Minimization25 Oct 2024
- 2024Dynamic Normativity: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Value Alignment16 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Reveal Information Operation Goals, Tactics, and Narrative Frames6 May 2024
- 2023False Information, Bots and Malicious Campaigns: Demystifying Elements of Social Media Manipulations24 Aug 2023
- 2021Interpretable Propaganda Detection in News Articles29 Aug 2021
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forward25 Feb 2021
- 2021Random Walks with Erasure: Diversifying Personalized Recommendations on Social and Information Networks18 Feb 2021