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Incorporating Discrete Translation Lexicons into Neural Machine Translation

arXiv 1606.02006 ↗First posted 7 Jun 2016cs.CLcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

Neural machine translation (NMT) often makes mistakes in translating low-frequency content words that are essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence. We propose a method to alleviate this problem by augmenting NMT systems with discrete translation lexicons that efficiently encode translations of these low-frequency words. We describe a method to calculate the lexicon probability of the next word in the translation candidate by using the attention vector of the NMT model to select which source word lexical probabilities the model should focus on. We test two methods to combine this probability with the standard NMT probability: (1) using it as a bias, and (2) linear interpolation. Experiments on two corpora show an improvement of 2.0-2.3 BLEU and 0.13-0.44 NIST score, and faster convergence time.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Jun 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 4.

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  1. 2021Word Alignment by Fine-tuning Embeddings on Parallel Corporacited by 186
  2. 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 92
  3. 2023Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for Machine Translationcited by 74
  4. 2023Benchmarking Machine Translation with Cultural Awarenesscited by 53
  5. 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Surveycited by 46
  6. 2021Rejuvenating Low-Frequency Words: Making the Most of Parallel Data in Non-Autoregressive Translationcited by 34
  7. 2021Lexicon Learning for Few-Shot Neural Sequence Modelingcited by 28
  8. 2021Language Modeling, Lexical Translation, Reordering: The Training Process of NMT through the Lens of Classical SMTcited by 21
  9. 2023Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Modelscited by 16
  10. 2021On the Evaluation of Machine Translation for Terminology Consistencycited by 15
  11. 2021Don't Go Far Off: An Empirical Study on Neural Poetry Translationcited by 15
  12. 2024What is the Best Way for ChatGPT to Translate Poetry?cited by 14
21 more
  1. 2021Phrase-level Active Learning for Neural Machine Translationcited by 13
  2. 2021Lexically Aware Semi-Supervised Learning for OCR Post-Correctioncited by 12
  3. 2021Continuous Learning in Neural Machine Translation using Bilingual Dictionariescited by 11
  4. 2021Frequency-Aware Contrastive Learning for Neural Machine Translationcited by 11
  5. 2024GenAudit: Fixing Factual Errors in Language Model Outputs with Evidencecited by 10
  6. 2024LLM-based Translation Inference with Iterative Bilingual Understandingcited by 6
  7. 2025Retrieval-Augmented Code Review Comment Generationcited by 6
  8. 2021Harnessing Cross-lingual Features to Improve Cognate Detection for Low-resource Languagescited by 4
  9. 2024Improving Retrieval-Augmented Code Comment Generation by Retrieving for Generationcited by 4
  10. 2022Word Alignment in the Era of Deep Learning: A Tutorialcited by 3
  11. 2024Dictionary Insertion Prompting for Multilingual Reasoning on Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 3
  12. 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNetcited by 2
  13. 2022Cross-Align: Modeling Deep Cross-lingual Interactions for Word Alignmentcited by 2
  14. 2023Extract and Attend: Improving Entity Translation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 2
  15. 2023Layer-wise Representation Fusion for Compositional Generalizationcited by 2
  16. 2024A Morphologically-Aware Dictionary-based Data Augmentation Technique for Machine Translation of Under-Represented Languagescited by 2
  17. 2021Bilingual Terminology Extraction from Comparable E-Commerce Corporacited by 0
  18. 2022Third-Party Aligner for Neural Word Alignmentscited by 0
  19. 2025SLoW: Select Low-frequency Words! Automatic Dictionary Selection for Translation on Large Language Modelscited by 0
  20. 2025A New NMT Model for Translating Clinical Texts from English to Spanishcited by 0
  21. 2025LLMs for Low-Resource Dialect Translation Using Context-Aware Prompting: A Case Study on Sylheticited by 0