A Fast Unified Model for Parsing and Sentence Understanding
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Abstract (arXiv)
Tree-structured neural networks exploit valuable syntactic parse information as they interpret the meanings of sentences. However, they suffer from two key technical problems that make them slow and unwieldy for large-scale NLP tasks: they usually operate on parsed sentences and they do not directly support batched computation. We address these issues by introducing the Stack-augmented Parser-Interpreter Neural Network (SPINN), which combines parsing and interpretation within a single tree-sequence hybrid model by integrating tree-structured sentence interpretation into the linear sequential structure of a shift-reduce parser. Our model supports batched computation for a speedup of up to 25 times over other tree-structured models, and its integrated parser can operate on unparsed data with little loss in accuracy. We evaluate it on the Stanford NLI entailment task and show that it significantly outperforms other sentence-encoding models.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 10; 2023: 8; 2024: 1; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
34 papers.
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- 2026Explaining Black-Box Language Models: Learning to Optimize Linguistically-Structured Word Subsets7 Jun 2026
- 2025MS-SSM: A Multi-Scale State Space Model for Efficient Sequence Modeling29 Dec 2025
- 2025Understanding Syntactic Generalization in Structure-inducing Language Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025Using External knowledge to Enhanced PLM for Semantic Matching10 May 2025
- 2024What makes Models Compositional? A Theoretical View: With Supplement2 May 2024
- 2023Recursion in Recursion: Two-Level Nested Recursion for Length Generalization with Scalability8 Nov 2023
- 2023Pushdown Layers: Encoding Recursive Structure in Transformer Language Models29 Oct 2023
- 2023BYOC: Personalized Few-Shot Classification with Co-Authored Class Descriptions9 Oct 2023
- 2023Efficient Beam Tree Recursion20 Jul 2023
- 2023Beam Tree Recursive Cells31 May 2023
- 2023Neural Machine Translation for Mathematical Formulae25 May 2023
- 2023Tribe or Not? Critical Inspection of Group Differences Using TribalGram16 Mar 2023
22 more
- 2023Ordered Memory Baselines8 Feb 2023
- 2022Neural Transition-based Parsing of Library Deprecations23 Dec 2022
- 2022Improving Semantic Matching through Dependency-Enhanced Pre-trained Model with Adaptive Fusion16 Oct 2022
- 2022Sequence Learning Using Equilibrium Propagation14 Sep 2022
- 2022Using Graph Neural Networks for Program Termination28 Jul 2022
- 2022Syntactic Inductive Biases for Deep Learning Methods8 Jun 2022
- 2022Explanation-Guided Fairness Testing through Genetic Algorithm16 May 2022
- 2022Reinforced MOOCs Concept Recommendation in Heterogeneous Information Networks8 Mar 2022
- 2022Transformer Grammars: Augmenting Transformer Language Models with Syntactic Inductive Biases at Scale1 Mar 2022
- 2022Discovering Personalized Semantics for Soft Attributes in Recommender Systems using Concept Activation Vectors6 Feb 2022
- 2022Learning with Latent Structures in Natural Language Processing: A Survey3 Jan 2022
- 2021FastTrees: Parallel Latent Tree-Induction for Faster Sequence Encoding28 Nov 2021
- 2021Interpreting Deep Learning Models in Natural Language Processing: A Review20 Oct 2021
- 2021Text is NOT Enough: Integrating Visual Impressions into Open-domain Dialogue Generation13 Sep 2021
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Structures with Differentiable Nondeterministic Stacks5 Sep 2021
- 2021Contextualized Embeddings based Convolutional Neural Networks for Duplicate Question Identification3 Sep 2021
- 2021VisualTextRank: Unsupervised Graph-based Content Extraction for Automating Ad Text to Image Search5 Aug 2021
- 2021SINGA-Easy: An Easy-to-Use Framework for MultiModal Analysis3 Aug 2021
- 2021Modeling Hierarchical Structures with Continuous Recursive Neural Networks10 Jun 2021
- 2021Q2: Evaluating Factual Consistency in Knowledge-Grounded Dialogues via Question Generation and Question Answering16 Apr 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Learning of Explainable Parse Trees for Improved Generalisation11 Apr 2021
- 2021CHEF: Cross-modal Hierarchical Embeddings for Food Domain Retrieval4 Feb 2021
- 2021Q2: Evaluating Factual Consistency in Knowledge-Grounded Dialogues via Question Generation and Question Answeringcited by 131
- 2022Transformer Grammars: Augmenting Transformer Language Models with Syntactic Inductive Biases at Scalecited by 40
- 2021Interpreting Deep Learning Models in Natural Language Processing: A Reviewcited by 19
- 2022Improving Semantic Matching through Dependency-Enhanced Pre-trained Model with Adaptive Fusioncited by 18
- 2023Pushdown Layers: Encoding Recursive Structure in Transformer Language Modelscited by 18
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Structures with Differentiable Nondeterministic Stackscited by 16
- 2021Modeling Hierarchical Structures with Continuous Recursive Neural Networkscited by 15
- 2021CHEF: Cross-modal Hierarchical Embeddings for Food Domain Retrievalcited by 7
- 2023Neural Machine Translation for Mathematical Formulaecited by 7
- 2023Beam Tree Recursive Cellscited by 6
- 2023BYOC: Personalized Few-Shot Classification with Co-Authored Class Descriptionscited by 5
- 2023Recursion in Recursion: Two-Level Nested Recursion for Length Generalization with Scalabilitycited by 5
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026Explaining Black-Box Language Models: Learning to Optimize Linguistically-Structured Word Subsets7 Jun 2026
- 2025MS-SSM: A Multi-Scale State Space Model for Efficient Sequence Modeling29 Dec 2025
- 2025Understanding Syntactic Generalization in Structure-inducing Language Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025Using External knowledge to Enhanced PLM for Semantic Matching10 May 2025
- 2024What makes Models Compositional? A Theoretical View: With Supplement2 May 2024
- 2023Recursion in Recursion: Two-Level Nested Recursion for Length Generalization with Scalability8 Nov 2023
- 2023Pushdown Layers: Encoding Recursive Structure in Transformer Language Models29 Oct 2023
- 2023BYOC: Personalized Few-Shot Classification with Co-Authored Class Descriptions9 Oct 2023
- 2023Efficient Beam Tree Recursion20 Jul 2023
- 2023Beam Tree Recursive Cells31 May 2023
- 2023Neural Machine Translation for Mathematical Formulae25 May 2023
- 2023Tribe or Not? Critical Inspection of Group Differences Using TribalGram16 Mar 2023
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)