mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Massively Multilingual Word Embeddings

arXiv 1602.01925 ↗First posted 5 Feb 2016cs.CLcited by 26

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce new methods for estimating and evaluating embeddings of words in more than fifty languages in a single shared embedding space. Our estimation methods, multiCluster and multiCCA, use dictionaries and monolingual data; they do not require parallel data. Our new evaluation method, multiQVEC-CCA, is shown to correlate better than previous ones with two downstream tasks (text categorization and parsing). We also describe a web portal for evaluation that will facilitate further research in this area, along with open-source releases of all our methods.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Feb 2016.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.

26 papers.

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  1. 2022Challenges and Strategies in Cross-Cultural NLPcited by 216
  2. 2021Word Alignment by Fine-tuning Embeddings on Parallel Corporacited by 186
  3. 2021mMARCO: A Multilingual Version of the MS MARCO Passage Ranking Datasetcited by 116
  4. 2021BERT: A Review of Applications in Natural Language Processing and Understandingcited by 109
  5. 2021How to Adapt Your Pretrained Multilingual Model to 1600 Languagescited by 54
  6. 2021AmericasNLI: Evaluating Zero-shot Natural Language Understanding of Pretrained Multilingual Models in Truly Low-resource Languagescited by 50
  7. 2022Expanding Pretrained Models to Thousands More Languages via Lexicon-based Adaptationcited by 44
  8. 2022Match the Script, Adapt if Multilingual: Analyzing the Effect of Multilingual Pretraining on Cross-lingual Transferabilitycited by 26
  9. 2023Hyperpolyglot LLMs: Cross-Lingual Interpretability in Token Embeddingscited by 19
  10. 2021Can Character-based Language Models Improve Downstream Task Performance in Low-Resource and Noisy Language Scenarios?cited by 11
  11. 2023Crosslingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Languages Based on Multilingual Colexification Graphscited by 11
  12. 2021Debiasing Multilingual Word Embeddings: A Case Study of Three Indian Languagescited by 8
14 more
  1. 2021Majority Voting with Bidirectional Pre-translation For Bitext Retrievalcited by 5
  2. 2021Cross-lingual hate speech detection based on multilingual domain-specific word embeddingscited by 4
  3. 2025Translate, then Detect: Leveraging Machine Translation for Cross-Lingual Toxicity Classificationcited by 4
  4. 2021Towards Multi-Sense Cross-Lingual Alignment of Contextual Embeddingscited by 3
  5. 2023GRI: Graph-based Relative Isomorphism of Word Embedding Spacescited by 3
  6. 2024Ultra-lightweight Neural Differential DSP Vocoder For High Quality Speech Synthesiscited by 2
  7. 2022Effective Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Natural Language Understandingcited by 1
  8. 2025Enhancing Multilingual Language Models for Code-Switched Input Datacited by 1
  9. 2026Parallel-SFT: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-Programming-Language Transfer for Code RLcited by 1
  10. 2021Cross-language Information Retrievalcited by 0
  11. 2022Third-Party Aligner for Neural Word Alignmentscited by 0
  12. 2023PESTS: Persian_English Cross Lingual Corpus for Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 0
  13. 2026Effective vocabulary expansion of multilingual language models for extremely low-resource languagescited by 0
  14. 2026TypeProbe: Recovering Type Representations from Hidden States of Pre-trained Code Modelscited by 0