mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Imaging Time-Series to Improve Classification and Imputation

arXiv 1506.00327 ↗First posted 1 Jun 2015cs.LG cs.NE stat.MLcited by 85

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Abstract (arXiv)

Inspired by recent successes of deep learning in computer vision, we propose a novel framework for encoding time series as different types of images, namely, Gramian Angular Summation/Difference Fields (GASF/GADF) and Markov Transition Fields (MTF). This enables the use of techniques from computer vision for time series classification and imputation. We used Tiled Convolutional Neural Networks (tiled CNNs) on 20 standard datasets to learn high-level features from the individual and compound GASF-GADF-MTF images. Our approaches achieve highly competitive results when compared to nine of the current best time series classification approaches. Inspired by the bijection property of GASF on 0/1 rescaled data, we train Denoised Auto-encoders (DA) on the GASF images of four standard and one synthesized compound dataset. The imputation MSE on test data is reduced by 12.18%-48.02% when compared to using the raw data. An analysis of the features and weights learned via tiled CNNs and DAs explains why the approaches work.

Key facts. Cited by 85 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Jun 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 7; 2023: 15; 2024: 13; 2025: 23; 2026: 14.

85 papers.

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  1. 2021AdaRNN: Adaptive Learning and Forecasting of Time Seriescited by 121
  2. 2024VisionTS: Visual Masked Autoencoders Are Free-Lunch Zero-Shot Time Series Forecasterscited by 88
  3. 2023Time Series as Images: Vision Transformer for Irregularly Sampled Time Seriescited by 79
  4. 2024Utilizing Image Transforms and Diffusion Models for Generative Modeling of Short and Long Time Seriescited by 43
  5. 2025Harnessing Vision Models for Time Series Analysis: A Surveycited by 26
  6. 2023Synthetic ECG Signal Generation using Probabilistic Diffusion Modelscited by 22
  7. 2024See it, Think it, Sorted: Large Multimodal Models are Few-shot Time Series Anomaly Analyzerscited by 20
  8. 2025How Can Time Series Analysis Benefit From Multiple Modalities? A Survey and Outlookcited by 20
  9. 2023NetDiffus: Network Traffic Generation by Diffusion Models through Time-Series Imagingcited by 19
  10. 2024Deep Learning for Satellite Image Time Series Analysis: A Reviewcited by 13
  11. 2025VisionTS++: Cross-Modal Time Series Foundation Model with Continual Pre-trained Vision Backbonescited by 12
  12. 2021ECG Heartbeat Classification Using Multimodal Fusioncited by 10
38 more
  1. 2025Vision-Enhanced Time Series Forecasting via Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 9
  2. 2024TimEHR: Image-based Time Series Generation for Electronic Health Recordscited by 8
  3. 2025Machine-learning for photoplethysmography analysis: Benchmarking feature, image, and signal-based approachescited by 8
  4. 2025From Images to Signals: Are Large Vision Models Useful for Time Series Analysis?cited by 7
  5. 2025Teaching Time Series to See and Speak: Forecasting with Aligned Visual and Textual Perspectivescited by 7
  6. 2025A Diffusion Model for Regular Time Series Generation from Irregular Data with Completion and Maskingcited by 7
  7. 2026TimeOmni-VL: Unified Models for Time Series Understanding and Generationcited by 7
  8. 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
  9. 2022StyleTime: Style Transfer for Synthetic Time Series Generationcited by 6
  10. 2023Spatial encoding of BOLD fMRI time series for categorizing static images across visual datasets: A pilot study on human visioncited by 6
  11. 2025AimTS: Augmented Series and Image Contrastive Learning for Time Series Classificationcited by 6
  12. 2021ECG Heart-beat Classification Using Multimodal Image Fusioncited by 5
  13. 2021Graph neural network-based fault diagnosis: a reviewcited by 5
  14. 2024How Deep is your Guess? A Fresh Perspective on Deep Learning for Medical Time-Series Imputationcited by 5
  15. 2021Leveraging Image-based Generative Adversarial Networks for Time Series Generationcited by 4
  16. 2021Denoised Labels for Financial Time-Series Data via Self-Supervised Learningcited by 4
  17. 2024The Energy Cost of Artificial Intelligence Lifecycle in Communication Networkscited by 4
  18. 2024Freezing of Gait Detection Using Gramian Angular Fields and Federated Learning from Wearable Sensorscited by 4
  19. 2025Mapping the Landscape of Generative AI in Network Monitoring and Managementcited by 4
  20. 2021A Deep Learning Based Ternary Task Classification System Using Gramian Angular Summation Field in fNIRS Neuroimaging Datacited by 3
  21. 2022Semi-supervised multiscale dual-encoding method for faulty traffic data detectioncited by 3
  22. 2023Gramian Angular Fields for leveraging pretrained computer vision models with anomalous diffusion trajectoriescited by 3
  23. 2023MCI Detection using fMRI time series embeddings of Recurrence plotscited by 3
  24. 2021CLPVG: Circular limited penetrable visibility graph as a new network model for time seriescited by 2
  25. 2022Dynamic Deep Convolutional Candlestick Learnercited by 2
  26. 2022Spectral Propagation Graph Network for Few-shot Time Series Classificationcited by 2
  27. 2023Machine-Learning Solutions for the Analysis of Single-Particle Diffusion Trajectoriescited by 2
  28. 2024Enhancing Cognitive Workload Classification Using Integrated LSTM Layers and CNNs for fNIRS Data Analysiscited by 2
  29. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Network Traffic Synthesis: From Statistical Models to Deep Learningcited by 2
  30. 2021Self-Augmented Multi-Modal Feature Embeddingcited by 1
  31. 2021Inertial Sensor Data To Image Encoding For Human Action Recognitioncited by 1
  32. 2021Unstructured Handwashing Recognition using Smartwatch to Reduce Contact Transmission of Pathogenscited by 1
  33. 2021Magnetic Field Sensing for Pedestrian and Robot Indoor Positioningcited by 1
  34. 2021Gait-based Frailty Assessment using Image Representation of IMU Signals and Deep CNNcited by 1
  35. 2022Financial Vision Based Reinforcement Learning Trading Strategycited by 1
  36. 2023Multi-task Meta Label Correction for Time Series Predictioncited by 1
  37. 2023Quantum-Enhanced Forecasting: Leveraging Quantum Gramian Angular Field and CNNs for Stock Return Predictionscited by 1
  38. 2023Exploring Driving Behavior for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Gramian Angular Field Vision Transformercited by 1

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