mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning Program Embeddings to Propagate Feedback on Student Code

arXiv 1505.05969 ↗First posted 22 May 2015cs.LG cs.NE cs.SEcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

Providing feedback, both assessing final work and giving hints to stuck students, is difficult for open-ended assignments in massive online classes which can range from thousands to millions of students. We introduce a neural network method to encode programs as a linear mapping from an embedded precondition space to an embedded postcondition space and propose an algorithm for feedback at scale using these linear maps as features. We apply our algorithm to assessments from the Code.org Hour of Code and Stanford University's CS1 course, where we propagate human comments on student assignments to orders of magnitude more submissions.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 May 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 3; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

19 papers.

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  1. 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
  2. 2025Modeling Student Learning with 3.8 Million Program Tracescited by 10
  3. 2021Toward Semi-Automatic Misconception Discovery Using Code Embeddingscited by 8
  4. 2021Math Operation Embeddings for Open-ended Solution Analysis and Feedbackcited by 8
  5. 2022From {Solution Synthesis} to {Student Attempt Synthesis} for Block-Based Visual Programming Taskscited by 8
  6. 2024Explainable Few-shot Knowledge Tracingcited by 8
  7. 2022Multi-View Graph Representation for Programming Language Processing: An Investigation into Algorithm Detectioncited by 6
  8. 2022Giving Feedback on Interactive Student Programs with Meta-Explorationcited by 6
  9. 2023Students' Perceptions and Preferences of Generative Artificial Intelligence Feedback for Programmingcited by 6
  10. 2023Proactive and Reactive Engagement of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Education: A Reviewcited by 5
  11. 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 5
  12. 2021deGraphCS: Embedding Variable-based Flow Graph for Neural Code Searchcited by 3
7 more
  1. 2021Play to Grade: Testing Coding Games as Classifying Markov Decision Processcited by 3
  2. 2024Generating Feedback-Ladders for Logical Errors in Programming using Large Language Modelscited by 3
  3. 2021Automatic Assessment of the Design Quality of Python Programs with Personalized Feedbackcited by 2
  4. 2023Learning Generalizable Program and Architecture Representations for Performance Modelingcited by 2
  5. 2025Learning Code-Edit Embedding to Model Student Debugging Behaviorcited by 1
  6. 2021ast2vec: Utilizing Recursive Neural Encodings of Python Programscited by 0
  7. 2026Rules or Weights? Comparing User Understanding of Explainable AI Techniques with the Cognitive XAI-Adaptive Modelcited by 0