LAGO: Language Agents with Reusable Growing Options
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Abstract (arXiv)
Long-horizon tasks expose a weakness of monolithic tool-use loops: one agent must decompose, execute, and verify a task within a single trajectory. We introduce LAGO, which treats specialized language agents as reusable temporally extended options. A meta-agent retrieves options from a persistent library or spawns new ones, dispatches sub-tasks, verifies results, and admits successful novel options. The library grows across tasks without updating model weights. On 500 SWE-bench Verified tasks, frozen Qwen3.5-35B-A3B in both roles resolves 58.6% under single-attempt evaluation with the official Docker evaluator. On a fixed 150-task subset, we re-run mini-SWE-agent, Terminus 2, and LAGO with the same policy, temperature, task IDs, and evaluator; their resolve rates are 49.3%, 57.3%, and 60.3%, respectively. Cross-model experiments provide evidence consistent with a role for decomposition quality. A 50-task component ablation finds four fewer resolved tasks without decomposition, two fewer with shuffled reused content, and six fewer without the library. These results support reusable agent-options as a practical abstraction for task streams, while leaving component-level causality task- and model-dependent.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Oct 2026.
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References · 25
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,820
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
- 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
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- 2023AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversationcited by 1,988
- 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineeringcited by 1,737
- 2025Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,444
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- 2025SWE-Bench Pro: Can AI Agents Solve Long-Horizon Software Engineering Tasks?cited by 279
- 2025SWE-RL: Advancing LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning on Open Software Evolutioncited by 263
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- 2025Multi-Agent Collaboration via Evolving Orchestrationcited by 108
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- 2026CODESKILL: Learning Self-Evolving Skills for Coding Agentscited by 12
- 2026Ratchet: How Reliable Must an LLM Judge Be to Retire a Skill?cited by 5
- 2026Learning on the Job: Continual Learning from Deployment Feedback for Frozen-Weights Agentscited by 1
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