Specialized Decision Models vs. General-Purpose LLMs: Benchmarking Jev Across Knowledge, Reasoning, and Multilingual Tasks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Jev is a "System One" model that returns a choice among given options instead of generating text. We study how such a specialized decision model compares with general-purpose large language models (LLMs). We evaluate Jev on 13 multiple-choice benchmarks covering knowledge, reasoning, and multilingual understanding, and compare it with 19 LLMs in three tiers: frontier, representative, and small. Jev is competitive with frontier LLMs on knowledge and commonsense benchmarks and obtains the best score on MMLU-Redux and ARC-Challenge. Outside mathematics, it also outperforms most representative LLMs and all small LLMs. However, it falls behind on mathematical word problems: on MathQA, it is 17.7 points below the frontier median and scores lower than all 19 LLMs. These results indicate that a specialized decision model can match general-purpose LLMs on decisions that rely mainly on knowledge, but not on decisions that require multi-step calculation.
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References · 19
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,146
- 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,710
- 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,748
- 2025Qwen3-VL Technical Reportcited by 2,534
- 2023FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performancecited by 791
- 2024DeepSeek-V3 Technical Reportcited by 724
- 2024RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Datacited by 633
- 2024Fine-Tuned 'Small' LLMs (Still) Significantly Outperform Zero-Shot Generative AI Models in Text Classificationcited by 66
- 2025Every FLOP Counts: Scaling a 300B Mixture-of-Experts LING LLM without Premium GPUscited by 22
- 2026JEV-as-a-Judge: Accept When Confident, Escalate When Unsurecited by 14
- 2026Type-Safe Is Not Error-Free: Typed Decision Models Follow the Option Name, Not the Definition Bound to Itcited by 13
7 more
- 2026Jev for Scientific Decisions: Evaluating Semantic Choices and Their Consequencescited by 10
- 2026Evaluating Decision Models for Text Annotation in Computational Social Sciencecited by 8
- 2026Same Scores, Different Decisions: Evaluating JEV and Language Models for Legal Document Understandingcited by 8
- 2026Jev in the Wild: A Data-Driven Analysis of the Jev Model's Functionality, Applications and Ecosystemcited by 5
- 2026Evaluating and Benchmarking the System One Model Jevcited by 3
- 2025Big Reasoning with Small Models: Instruction Retrieval at Inference Timecited by 1
- 2026Jev in Medicine: A Benchmark Evaluationcited by 1
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