Batched Speech Decisions Without Decoding: Single-Token Supervision Lets a Frozen LLM Hear Beyond the Transcript
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Abstract (arXiv)
Full-duplex voice agents make many small, closed decisions, which current systems answer by slow autoregressive decoding. We propose DuplexJev, which feeds ASR-encoder hidden states through a small connector into a frozen LLM and reads each question as a single-token distribution over its options. Nothing is decoded, and an 8-GPU node answers 80 decisions about eight utterances in about 0.1 s. With a last-layer connector, spoken QA stays close to reading the transcript (90% vs. 91%). DuplexJev also hears the speaker: gender and emotion accuracy both reach 90% (from 55% and 28%) with a cross-attention connector, whose spoken QA drops by only 1 point (83% to 82%). We train decisions with cross-entropy on the read-out answer token, instead of the usual transcript distillation, whose teacher never hears the voice, and keep distillation for content. Encoders and LLMs are interchangeable; we release weights, training recipe, a batched-inference pipeline for full-duplex serving and a bilingual spoken-QA set.
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References · 18
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,820
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- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
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- 2020Seen and Unseen emotional style transfer for voice conversion with a new emotional speech datasetcited by 121
6 more
- 2026Qwen3-ASR Technical Reportcited by 118
- 2024Beyond Turn-Based Interfaces: Synchronous LLMs as Full-Duplex Dialogue Agentscited by 72
- 2024DeSTA2: Developing Instruction-Following Speech Language Model Without Speech Instruction-Tuning Datacited by 45
- 2025VoxCPM: Tokenizer-Free TTS for Context-Aware Speech Generation and True-to-Life Voice Cloningcited by 42
- 2024Distilling an End-to-End Voice Assistant Without Instruction Training Datacited by 39
- 2025Easy Turn: Integrating Acoustic and Linguistic Modalities for Robust Turn-Taking in Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systemscited by 13
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