A Missing Latent, Not a Missing Simulator: Radius-Augmented Inference for Real JWST Retrieval

Amortized simulation-based inference (SBI), which is trained on radiative-transfer simulators, recovers exoplanet atmospheres accurately on synthetic James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) spectra but collapses when it comes to real reduced spectra. The flow posterior collapsed on real WASP-39b (importance-sampling effective sample size (ESS) = 1, best-fit chi2/N = 301), and such a failure is usually blamed on missing the forward-model physics, but ruling these levers out with nested sampling first (a temperature gradient, SO2 opacity, and a high-fidelity opacity set) leaves the fit unchanged, meaning the collapse is not from the simulator misspecification but instead from a missing latent, the planet radius. To fix this, we build MIRAGE, a radius-augmented flow-matching posterior calibrated against an independent nested-sampling reference with importance sampling and an optimal-transport map, which yields a physical and literature-consistent retrieval of real WASP-39b (with chi2/N from 301 to 0.06). This same method transfers unchanged across two instruments and three real JWST targets, including one spectrum self-reduced end-to-end from raw Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes(MAST) data. The lesson is cross-domain, as a latent the simulator encodes but the inference omits can masquerade as misspecification.