DrivingBench: Can Vision-Language Models Drive a Toyota Corolla?
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Driving VLMs and open-vocabulary detection
Abstract (arXiv)
Frontier models excel at many digital benchmarks, yet their ability to drive a real car, an everyday human skill, remains largely untested. We present DrivingBench, to our knowledge the first benchmark where general-purpose vision-language models must drive a real car. Through three tools, the models see camera frames from a Toyota Corolla and directly command its steering and velocity around a parking lot cone course at low speeds. The car may continue moving while the model thinks and new commands replace the currently running one, so inference latency is part of the task, testing the models' abilities to observe, act, monitor, recover, and complete a long-horizon objective under such constraints. We benchmark GPT-6 Astra, Claude Fable 5.1, GPT-5.6 Sol, and Grok 4.6 in vendor-native harnesses (Codex, Claude Code, Cursor) with up to three attempts each in one conversation; Astra is the only model to finish the course, on its second attempt, with no other attempt passing 50% of the course. Two of the four models improved materially across attempts with retained context. We also detail the design principles behind our action interface, and show how the tool output format and the framing of the task combined to determine whether models would drive at all or refuse. We release our harness, prompts, course map, and traces with video and telemetry for reproducibility.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Driving VLMs and open-vocabulary detection, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 24 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2026.
Builds on
24 of 38 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Bench2Drive-VL: Benchmarks for Closed-Loop Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Models1 Apr
- 2024DriveVLM: The Convergence of Autonomous Driving and Large Vision-Language Models19 Feb
- 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answering21 Dec
Other references · 21
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
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- 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,302
- 2022Code as Policies: Language Model Programs for Embodied Controlcited by 1,172
- 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environmentscited by 1,134
- 2021Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLPcited by 447
- 2023LMDrive: Closed-Loop End-to-End Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 301
- 2024FrontierMath: A Benchmark for Evaluating Advanced Mathematical Reasoning in AIcited by 227
- 2025EmbodiedBench: Comprehensive Benchmarking Multi-modal Large Language Models for Vision-Driven Embodied Agentscited by 213
- 2023DiLu: A Knowledge-Driven Approach to Autonomous Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 204
9 more
- 2025Real-Time Execution of Action Chunking Flow Policiescited by 199
- 2024PIVOT: Iterative Visual Prompting Elicits Actionable Knowledge for VLMscited by 187
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- 2025Large Language Models Often Know When They Are Being Evaluatedcited by 105
- 2024Me, Myself, and AI: The Situational Awareness Dataset (SAD) for LLMscited by 78
- 2023Personalized Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models: Field Experimentscited by 46
- 2023LaMPilot: An Open Benchmark Dataset for Autonomous Driving with Language Model Programscited by 45
- 2024BadRobot: Jailbreaking Embodied LLM Agents in the Physical Worldcited by 40
- 2025LLMs are Greedy Agents: Effects of RL Fine-tuning on Decision-Making Abilitiescited by 36
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- 2024Probing Multimodal LLMs as World Models for Driving
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- 2025LightEMMA: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Vision-Language Models for Autonomous Driving
- 2026Rethinking Language's Role in Efficient VLA for Autonomous Vehicles: Toward Smarter, Trustworthy Driving
- 2024RoboTron-Drive: All-in-One Large Multimodal Model for Autonomous Driving
- 2026SteerVLA: Steering Vision-Language-Action Models in Long-Tail Driving Scenarios