doPlan: A Variable-Horizon Dataset for Multi-Stage Language-Conditioned Planning in Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Reasoning VLA and VLM driving policies also fits: Large language models for driving
Abstract (arXiv)
Autonomous vehicles interacting with passengers through natural language must reason beyond immediate commands. Passenger intent may span multiple stages of behavior, depend on future events, refer to surrounding agents or landmarks, and remain relevant as driving conditions evolve. Existing language-enabled driving datasets largely focus on short, localized interactions, leaving these longer-horizon forms of passenger intent comparatively underexplored. We introduce doPlan, to our knowledge the first publicly available, human-annotated real-world dataset designed to study passenger language as persistent task context. Built on nuPlan, doPlan contains 5,154 human-written passenger instructions spanning 169.1 hours of cumulative instruction-aligned context over 50.9 hours of unique driving, with annotation windows ranging from 30.0 to 508.8 s. The annotations capture immediate, deferred, event-conditioned, persistent, and multi-stage passenger intent. The dataset, annotation interface, and supporting resources are publicly available at https://github.com/Mi3-Lab/doPlan. We evaluate four language-conditioned driving models and find that sensitivity to passenger language does not reliably translate into behavior consistent with the requested direction. More broadly, among 2,161 examples with a matched future maneuver, the first associated maneuver occurs a median of 24.6 s after the evaluation point, and only 9.8% occur within the models' common 5 s prediction horizon. These findings highlight the need to connect persistent passenger intent with successive planning decisions. doPlan provides a setting for studying how unresolved goals can be retained, grounded in evolving scenes, and tracked across multiple stages, including how a planner determines when a future goal becomes relevant to the current plan.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning VLA and VLM driving policies, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 29 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2026.
Builds on
29 of 33 references.
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Same direction, newest first
- 2026Natural Language Instructions for Scene-Responsive Human-in-the-Loop Motion Planning in Autonomous Driving using Vision-Language-Action Models4 Feb
- 2025Alpamayo-R1: Bridging Reasoning and Action Prediction for Generalizable Autonomous Driving in the Long Tail30 Oct
- 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuning16 Jun
- 2025Automated Data Curation Using GPS & NLP to Generate Instruction-Action Pairs for Autonomous Vehicle Vision-Language Navigation Datasets6 May
- 2025SimLingo: Vision-Only Closed-Loop Autonomous Driving with Language-Action Alignment12 Mar
- 2024doScenes: An Autonomous Driving Dataset with Natural Language Instruction for Human Interaction and Vision-Language Navigation8 Dec
- 2024CoVLA: Comprehensive Vision-Language-Action Dataset for Autonomous Driving19 Aug
Other references · 22
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 3,080
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,451
- 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,348
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
- 2022Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Modelscited by 1,081
- 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 536
- 2021NuPlan: A closed-loop ML-based planning benchmark for autonomous vehiclescited by 493
- 2023LMDrive: Closed-Loop End-to-End Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 305
- 2018Textual Explanations for Self-Driving Vehiclescited by 226
- 2023LingoQA: Visual Question Answering for Autonomous Drivingcited by 145
10 more
- 2019Talk2Car: Taking Control of Your Self-Driving Carcited by 142
- 2022DRAMA: Joint Risk Localization and Captioning in Drivingcited by 126
- 2024OpenEMMA: Open-Source Multimodal Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 93
- 2019Grounding Human-to-Vehicle Advice for Self-driving Vehiclescited by 71
- 2023Grounding Complex Natural Language Commands for Temporal Tasks in Unseen Environmentscited by 53
- 2023LaMPilot: An Open Benchmark Dataset for Autonomous Driving with Language Model Programscited by 45
- 2025Can Vision-Language Models Understand and Interpret Dynamic Gestures from Pedestrians? Pilot Datasets and Exploration Towards Instructive Nonverbal Commands for Cooperative Autonomous Vehiclescited by 9
- 2025Towards a Multi-Agent Vision-Language System for Zero-Shot Novel Hazardous Object Detection for Autonomous Driving Safetycited by 9
- 2026Vega: Learning to Drive with Natural Language Instructionscited by 6
- 2026When Stopping Fails: Rethinking Minimal Risk Conditions through Human-Interactive Autonomous Driving for Safe Transportation Systemscited by 1
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- 2026Large Language Model based Interactive Decision-Making for Autonomous Driving
- 2026Language2Drive: Do Vision-Language-Action Models Really Follow the Instructions in Autonomous Driving?
- 2023Drive Like a Human: Rethinking Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2024Text-to-Drive: Diverse Driving Behavior Synthesis via Large Language Models
- 2026Rethinking Language's Role in Efficient VLA for Autonomous Vehicles: Toward Smarter, Trustworthy Driving