mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

How Reproducible Are Evaluation Conclusions? A Self-Audit of LLM-Inferred Prompt Structure

arXiv 2609.30074 ↗First posted 24 Sep 2026cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Evaluations of LLM systems routinely average over small prompt sets and report models as a ranked table. We ask how much confidence such a table deserves, using LLM-based prompt-structure inference as the case study: eight open model variants across five families and 8B to 675B parameters, caching disabled, 293 raw intermediate representations persisted. The measured phenomenon is unstable to begin with. Identical calls do not reliably recover identical structure, with mean node-set Jaccard from 0.39 to 0.96 and 72% of prompt-model cells never node-set-perfect. Auditing the evaluation weakens its conclusions further, and this is our main contribution. Under a joint cluster bootstrap over prompts, only the bottom of the ranking is firm: the two least reproducible models hold rank in 99% and 86% of replicates, the middle four in 27% to 48%, and the top two in 68% each, so the table identifies the worst model reliably but does not reliably identify the best. Two equally defensible rules for merging repeated campaigns change four of eight rows and move the study-wide headline by 7 percentage points. Checking the inferred structure against ground-truth annotations shows reproducibility cannot be read as accuracy. And four of the eight endpoints were withdrawn within ten weeks of measurement, so the study as specified can no longer be run. Small-sample LLM evaluations can therefore look far more definitive than their evidence supports. We recommend reporting rank stability, per-cell provenance, executed sensitivity comparisons, raw per-run outputs, and a measurement date alongside any ranking.

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References · 15

  1. 2021Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivitycited by 1,135
  2. 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 817
  3. 2023How is ChatGPT's behavior changing over time?cited by 270
  4. 2024Adding Error Bars to Evals: A Statistical Approach to Language Model Evaluationscited by 148
  5. 2023An Empirical Study of the Non-determinism of ChatGPT in Code Generationcited by 137
  6. 2022Prompting Is Programming: A Query Language for Large Language Modelscited by 110
  7. 2023(Why) Is My Prompt Getting Worse? Rethinking Regression Testing for Evolving LLM APIscited by 23
  8. 2025Guidelines for Empirical Studies in Software Engineering involving Large Language Modelscited by 21
  9. 2025Reflections on the Reproducibility of Commercial LLM Performance in Empirical Software Engineering Studiescited by 12
  10. 2026Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarkingcited by 10
  11. 2026Real Money, Fake Models: Deceptive Model Claims in Shadow APIscited by 8
  12. 2026Skill Coverage: A Test Adequacy Metric for Agent Skillscited by 8
3 more
  1. 2026Rank Intervals for Leaderboards: A Hierarchical Framework for Model Evaluationcited by 6
  2. 2024MILE: A Mutation Testing Framework of In-Context Learning Systemscited by 2
  3. 2026A Unified Perturbation Framework for Analyzing Leaderboard Stability and Manipulationcited by 2

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