Artificial Rosetta Stone: Constrained Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Reconstruction of Symbolic Raga Sequences via Order-k Markov Models

Reconstructing a damaged musical fragment is an inverse problem: the observed sequence contains partial information, while a raga encodes constraints limiting allowable completions. This paper formalizes a mathematical framework for this, proposing the Artificial Rosetta Stone (ARS). We separate three claims often conflated: a symbolic sequence can be reconstructed probabilistically; a sequence can be consistent with an explicit grammar; and a historical performance can be authenticated. We only support the first two. We model a raga via a finite alphabet and constraint system, using an order-k Markov model for melodic probabilities. A symmetric Dirichlet prior yields a tractable posterior. We pose missing-note reconstruction as a constrained MAP problem. For fixed-length sequences and finite-order constraints, optimization admits an exact dynamic-programming solution with worst-case time complexity O(TNk+1). We derive the parameter count Nk(N - 1), prove a concentration bound under explicit mixing assumptions, and analyze estimation error propagation. A reproducible synthetic experiment uses six raga-inspired alphabets, orders k ∈ 1, 2, 3, and masking rates up to 50%. This is a proof of concept, not historical reconstruction. A real-audio feasibility pilot evaluates 30 usable sequences from 42 Yaman clips via automated pitch extraction, segmentation, and quantization. Lacking documented provenance and relying on automated transcription, this is not expert-validated archival reconstruction. Claims are tied to stated conditions, not universal properties of Hindustani music. Code: https://github.com/mathacker23/ArtificialRosettaStone.