mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Latent-Space Intervention for Cross-Lingual Factual Consistency: Consistency Improvements without Accuracy Drops

arXiv 2608.28860 ↗First posted 28 Aug 2026cs.CLcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) often answer the same factual question differently across languages. We study whether cross-lingual latent-space intervention can reduce this inconsistency. We train layer-specific autoencoders on parallel multilingual representations and apply inference-time corrections to factual QA prompts. We find that latent intervention improves geometric alignment between languages, and that this improvement translates into consistent gains in cross-lingual consistency with English across both open-ended and multiple-choice QA formats, without degrading factual accuracy. In open-ended QA, Spearman's rank correlation between English and non-English languages improves substantially, with gains of 0.16 for English-Arabic and 0.20 for English-Russian pairs. In multiple-choice QA, answer agreement with English improves consistently across both KLAR and mParaRel. Ablations show that AE reconstruction yields consistent gains at no accuracy cost, while PCA projection contributes marginally, and mean-shift produces substantially larger consistency gains in open-ended QA at the cost of some accuracy.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Aug 2026.

Builds on

25 of 40 references.

References · 25

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  2. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
  3. 2021The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translationcited by 560
  4. 2021Measuring and Improving Consistency in Pretrained Language Modelscited by 364
  5. 2021Multilingual LAMA: Investigating Knowledge in Multilingual Pretrained Language Modelscited by 132
  6. 2024Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontiercited by 129
  7. 2023Cross-Lingual Consistency of Factual Knowledge in Multilingual Language Modelscited by 118
  8. 2020X-FACTR: Multilingual Factual Knowledge Retrieval from Pretrained Language Modelscited by 117
  9. 2024How Do Large Language Models Acquire Factual Knowledge During Pretraining?cited by 90
  10. 2020On the Language Neutrality of Pre-trained Multilingual Representationscited by 85
  11. 2025Lost in Multilinguality: Dissecting Cross-lingual Factual Inconsistency in Transformer Language Modelscited by 44
  12. 2021Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignmentcited by 41
13 more
  1. 2025ECLeKTic: a Novel Challenge Set for Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfercited by 29
  2. 2024Bridging the Language Gaps in Large Language Models with Inference-Time Cross-Lingual Interventioncited by 24
  3. 2024Beneath the Surface of Consistency: Exploring Cross-lingual Knowledge Representation Sharing in LLMscited by 21
  4. 2025Language-Specific Latent Process Hinders Cross-Lingual Performancecited by 21
  5. 2025Paths Not Taken: Understanding and Mending the Multilingual Factual Recall Pipelinecited by 21
  6. 2023Language Representation Projection: Can We Transfer Factual Knowledge across Languages in Multilingual Language Models?cited by 19
  7. 2024Multilingual Knowledge Editing with Language-Agnostic Factual Neuronscited by 18
  8. 2025When Less Language is More: Language-Reasoning Disentanglement Makes LLMs Better Multilingual Reasonerscited by 16
  9. 2025Language Models' Factuality Depends on the Language of Inquirycited by 14
  10. 2025Tracing Multilingual Factual Knowledge Acquisition in Pretrainingcited by 10
  11. 2025The Transfer Neurons Hypothesis: An Underlying Mechanism for Language Latent Space Transitions in Multilingual LLMscited by 8
  12. 2026Language Steering for Multilingual In-Context Learningcited by 3
  13. 2025Debiasing Multilingual LLMs in Cross-lingual Latent Spacecited by 2

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.