Efficient INT8 Inference of Small NLP Models on Server CPUs with PyTorch Native Stack
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Abstract (arXiv)
Small NLP models, especially BERT-family encoders, remain important in industrial workloads such as classification, ranking, and retrieval even in the era of large language models. On server CPUs, INT8 quantization offers an attractive latency-throughput-cost trade-off, but users increasingly expect such acceleration to be available directly in the native PyTorch stack. We integrate SmoothQuant into TorchAO and optimize the resulting inference path for Intel Xeon CPUs through graph-level fusion in TorchInductor and efficient INT8 GEMM kernel selection across oneDNN-, AVX512_VNNI-, and AMX-based implementations. Across BERT, DistilBERT, and XLM-RoBERTa benchmarks, the approach delivers up to 5.8x end-to-end throughput speedup with negligible---and in some cases no measurable---accuracy loss relative to the FP32 baseline. We also validated our work by detailed performance analysis with roofline models. The implementation has been upstreamed to PyTorch and TorchAO, enabling out-of-the-box deployment with native PyTorch tooling
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References · 15
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,307
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- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
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- 2017Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only Inferencecited by 1,593
- 2022SmoothQuant: Accurate and Efficient Post-Training Quantization for Large Language Modelscited by 1,386
- 2023SGLang: Efficient Execution of Structured Language Model Programscited by 1,141
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- 2022LLM.int8(): 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scalecited by 906
- 2021A White Paper on Neural Network Quantizationcited by 472
- 2025TorchAO: PyTorch-Native Training-to-Serving Model Optimizationcited by 26
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