mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Mixture-of-experts for handwriting trajectory reconstruction from IMU sensors

arXiv 2607.26708 ↗First posted 29 Jul 2026cs.LGcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

The use of digital pens for online handwriting trajectory reconstruction is a prevalent method for human-computer interaction. In this study, we focus on a digital pen equipped with sensors where we aim at reconstructing the online handwriting trajectory. This pen enables writing on any surface and preserving the digital trace of handwriting. This type of pen could be used as an aid to learning to write in classroom. In this paper, we propose a new approach learning to finely reconstruct the touching trajectories while precisely analyzing the hovering part in order to position the next touching trace correctly. This relies on a Mixture-Of-Experts (MOE) approach. The first expert is dedicated for the pencil touch, and is named touching expert model. The second one is dedicated for the hovering pen trajectory, and is named hovering expert model. We improve on the learning of each of these experts based on additional context or specific examples. In addition we introduce a novel public benchmark dataset, to enable future research and comparisons in the field of handwriting reconstruction. The results demonstrates a significant enhancement compared to its primary competitors.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Jul 2026.

Builds on

8 of 36 references.

References · 8

  1. 2022Domain Adaptation for Time-Series Classification to Mitigate Covariate Shiftcited by 24
  2. 2023AGTGAN: Unpaired Image Translation for Photographic Ancient Character Generationcited by 17
  3. 2022Benchmarking Online Sequence-to-Sequence and Character-based Handwriting Recognition from IMU-Enhanced Penscited by 13
  4. 2022Complex Handwriting Trajectory Recovery: Evaluation Metrics and Algorithmcited by 9
  5. 2020Online trajectory recovery from offline handwritten Japanese kanji characterscited by 8
  6. 2022Uncertainty-aware Evaluation of Time-Series Classification for Online Handwriting Recognition with Domain Shiftcited by 7
  7. 2021Detecting Handwritten Mathematical Terms with Sensor Based Datacited by 3
  8. 2022Improving Accuracy and Explainability of Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2026Handwriting Trajectory Recovery with Diffusion Models
  2. 2020A Generalized Robotic Handwriting Learning System based on Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMPs)
  3. 2024InkSight: Offline-to-Online Handwriting Conversion by Teaching Vision-Language Models to Read and Write
  4. 2023End-to-end Manipulator Calligraphy Planning via Variational Imitation Learning
  5. 2026Bridging Online and Offline Handwriting via Differentiable Physical Rendering
  6. 2026Rapid Learning of Dexterous In-Hand Pen Writing through Real-Time Jacobian Estimation ↗
  7. 2026Robot Learning from Human Demonstrations: Handwritten Alphabet Trajectories and Human-Likeness Evaluation
  8. 2026HandwritingAgent: Language-Driven Handwriting Synthesis in Scalable Vector Space