Towards Trustworthy Physical Intelligence: From Theory to Practice Across Life Cycle

Physical intelligence refers to intelligence systems that understand, reason about, and act in accordance with the physical world and its underlying laws, dynamics, and constraints. Unlike conventional AI systems, physical intelligence interacts continuously with uncertain physical environments, and its actions produce consequences that are physically irreversible. As existing trustworthy AI frameworks have been developed primarily for digital AI systems, they do not fully capture the distinctive challenges of Physical Intelligence, such as physical safety, cyber-physical security, and physical manufacturing process. To address this gap, we present a survey of trustworthy physical intelligence principles. First, we characterize the core capabilities and challenges of physical intelligence. Second, we examine the role of physics in AI. Third, we trace the end-to-end physical intelligence life cycle across five core stages and introduce Trustworthy Physical Intelligence Operationalization (T-PAIO). Fourth, we develop the Trustworthy Physical Intelligence (T-PAI) framework, a theoretical framework that organizes key trustworthiness principles and provides a foundation for governing trustworthy physical intelligence systems.