Learning When to Automate: Queue Control in Human-AI Service Systems

We study a human-AI service system in which tasks arrive sequentially and are processed through a two-stage architecture: an automated chatbot followed, when necessary, by a human agent. We consider T sequentially arriving tasks, each belonging to one of K heterogeneous types. For each task the decision maker chooses how many resources to allocate to the chatbot, whose type-dependent success probabilities are initially unknown. Tasks not resolved by the chatbot enter type-dependent human-service queues, where they are processed by a human agent with unknown service rates. This model captures a central tradeoff in hybrid service systems: relying more on automation reduces human congestion but increases chatbot costs, while insufficient automation may overload the human agent. We propose the UCB-DPP policy, which combines Upper Confidence Bounds with Drift-Plus-Penalty control to learn the unknown parameters of the system while making queue-aware decisions. We prove that UCB-DPP achieves regret widetildeO(K√T) and guarantees mean-rate stability of the human-service queues. Simulations on synthetic instances show that the proposed policy outperforms natural baselines.