OpenSafeIntent: Evaluating Intent-Calibrated Safe Completion Across Dual-Use Prompt Sets
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Abstract (arXiv)
Safe completion requires models to provide useful assistance without enabling harm, but this behavior is difficult to evaluate with isolated prompts. We introduce OpenSafeIntent, a benchmark of controlled prompt-sets that vary intent while holding the underlying task fixed. Each datapoint contains benign, dual-use, and malicious variants of the same task. This design lets us evaluate whether models calibrate assistance across intent shifts, rather than merely appearing safe on average. Across a broad model suite, we find that prompt-level safety hides important failures: models often fail to remain safe across matched intent variants, dual-use behavior is brittle under paraphrase, high-level answers on risky topics are not reliably safe, and responses that reframe ambiguous requests into safer tasks are substantially less likely to cross the safety boundary. Our results suggest that safe completion should be evaluated as intent-calibrated behavior over controlled task variants, not as a single safety-helpfulness tradeoff over independent prompts.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Jul 2026.
Builds on
20 of 35 references.
References · 20
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
- 2024PKU-SafeRLHF: Towards Multi-Level Safety Alignment for LLMs with Human Preferencecited by 252
- 2024Assessing the Brittleness of Safety Alignment via Pruning and Low-Rank Modificationscited by 220
- 2025LLMs Encode Harmfulness and Refusal Separatelycited by 75
- 2025Utility Engineering: Analyzing and Controlling Emergent Value Systems in AIscited by 63
- 2025From Hard Refusals to Safe-Completions: Toward Output-Centric Safety Trainingcited by 49
- 2024Model Editing as a Robust and Denoised variant of DPO: A Case Study on Toxicitycited by 33
- 2024Exploring Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Personalized Language Modelscited by 26
- 2025Understanding Refusal in Language Models with Sparse Autoencoderscited by 26
- 2025Oyster-I: Beyond Refusal -- Constructive Safety Alignment for Responsible Language Modelscited by 19
8 more
- 2025SafeSearch: Do Not Trade Safety for Utility in LLM Search Agentscited by 9
- 2025Read the Scene, Not the Script: Outcome-Aware Safety for LLMscited by 6
- 2025Journey Before Destination: On the importance of Visual Faithfulness in Slow Thinkingcited by 5
- 2026Health-ORSC-Bench: A Benchmark for Measuring Over-Refusal and Safety Completion in Health Contextcited by 4
- 2026Useless but Safe? Benchmarking Utility Recovery with User Intent Clarification in Multi-Turn Conversationscited by 3
- 2026Shattered Compositionality: Counterintuitive Learning Dynamics of Transformers for Arithmeticcited by 2
- 2025Steering Over-refusals Towards Safety in Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 1
- 2026HarmThoughts: A Benchmark for Fine-Grained Harmful Behavior Detection in Reasoning Tracescited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
2 papers.