R2D-RL: A RoboCup 2D Soccer Environment for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Robot soccer is a challenging testbed for multi-agent reinforcement learning because it combines partial observability, cooperative and adversarial interaction, sparse rewards, and long-horizon tactical behavior. RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulation (RCSS2D) provides a mature robot-soccer platform, but its competition-oriented server-client architecture is difficult to use directly with modern Python-based MARL workflows. We introduce R2D-RL, a reinforcement learning environment that connects RCSS2D and HELIOS-based player clients to a Python MARL interface through shared-memory communication and cycle-level synchronization. R2D-RL supports full-field and scenario-based training with configurable opponents, Base discrete and Hybrid parameterized action spaces, action masks, expected possession value (EPV)-based reward shaping, and parallel execution. We provide front-goal scenarios and an 11-vs-11 full-field benchmark, together with baseline results.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2026.
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References · 11
- 2017Multi-Agent Actor-Critic for Mixed Cooperative-Competitive Environmentscited by 1,519
- 2021The Surprising Effectiveness of PPO in Cooperative, Multi-Agent Gamescited by 903
- 2018QMIX: Monotonic Value Function Factorisation for Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 697
- 2020dm_control: Software and Tasks for Continuous Controlcited by 368
- 2019Google Research Football: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Environmentcited by 257
- 2018Unity: A General Platform for Intelligent Agentscited by 232
- 2018Parametrized Deep Q-Networks Learning: Reinforcement Learning with Discrete-Continuous Hybrid Action Spacecited by 54
- 2023Action valuation of on- and off-ball soccer players based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learningcited by 9
- 2023Adaptive action supervision in reinforcement learning from real-world multi-agent demonstrationscited by 8
- 2023Pyrus Base: An Open Source Python Framework for the RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulationcited by 2
- 2024Cross Language Soccer Framework: An Open Source Framework for the RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulationcited by 1
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