RL-Index: Reinforcement Learning for Retrieval Index Reasoning

Retrieving external knowledge is crucial for real-world tasks but remains difficult when queries and relevant knowledge are linked by implicit reasoning (e.g., shared theorems or coding logic). Existing methods rely mainly on query-side reasoning, leading to high online latency and underutilizing the reasoning semantics within the knowledge corpus. In this paper, we propose RL-Index, an indexing framework that formulates retrieval index reasoning as a reinforcement learning problem. Instead of performing reasoning at query time, RL-Index shifts reasoning to the indexing stage by augmenting documents with LLM-generated rationales that explicitly encode the latent query-knowledge relationship. To optimize the quality of these rationales, we employ Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and use retrieval similarity as a proxy reward signal, enabling direct optimization of indexing decisions for retrieval effectiveness. Extensive experiments on the BRIGHT benchmark demonstrate that RL-Index consistently improves both retrieval and downstream question-answering performance, while significantly reducing online inference latency. Moreover, the learned rationale augmentation generalizes across diverse retrievers and generators, highlighting its robustness as a plug-and-play indexing strategy across different retrieval systems.