AI Supply Chain Galaxy: 3D Visual Analytics for License Compliance
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Abstract (arXiv)
The rapid proliferation of machine learning model reuse has transformed the AI ecosystem into a highly interconnected supply chain. Traditional compliance tools and static reports struggle to navigate these massive, multi-hop dependency networks. To address this, we present AI Supply Chain Galaxy (AISCG), an interactive 3D visual analytics system for model provenance and compliance auditing. AISCG maps models into a 3D spatial layout, integrating explicit structural dependencies with a rule-based compliance engine. It supports multi-scale exploration, from global community detection to localized, path-aware lineage tracing. We demonstrate its efficacy through an ecosystem-scale empirical analysis of 908,449 models from Hugging Face. Our findings reveal a concerning landscape: 55.46% of models exhibit compliance risks or metadata conflicts/omissions. We also identified distinct risk patterns, including a 56.67% license omission rate in adapter derivations and an 8.05% "license drift" rate in fine-tuning. Through a case study on the complex Llama model family, we show how AISCG empowers analysts to intuitively trace inherited restrictive terms and identify root causes across deep topological networks, significantly reducing the cognitive load of compliance auditing.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2026.
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12 of 22 references.
References · 12
- 2017BadNets: Identifying Vulnerabilities in the Machine Learning Model Supply Chaincited by 1,106
- 2018Model Cards for Model Reportingcited by 1,080
- 2023Opening up ChatGPT: Tracking openness, transparency, and accountability in instruction-tuned text generatorscited by 56
- 2023An Empirical Study of Pre-Trained Model Reuse in the Hugging Face Deep Learning Model Registrycited by 47
- 2020Behavioral Use Licensing for Responsible AIcited by 46
- 2025We Should Chart an Atlas of All the World's Modelscited by 25
- 2022Symphony: Composing Interactive Interfaces for Machine Learningcited by 18
- 2025LLM DNA: Tracing Model Evolution via Functional Representationscited by 15
- 2024LiCoEval: Evaluating LLMs on License Compliance in Code Generationcited by 14
- 2025Anatomy of a Machine Learning Ecosystem: 2 Million Models on Hugging Facecited by 12
- 2024Unsupervised Model Tree Heritage Recoverycited by 11
- 2024"They've Stolen My GPL-Licensed Model!": Toward Standardized and Transparent Model Licensingcited by 3
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