AstroRAG -- A Pagerank-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation Pipeline for Question Answering in Astronomy

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance in natural language processing but often generate factual errors when relying solely on parametric knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates these errors by grounding responses in external evidence, yet conventional retrieve-and-dump approaches frequently introduce irrelevant context that degrades answer quality. In this work, we present AstroRAG -- a PageRank-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipeline adapted for question answering in astronomy. The system performs token-aware chunking and per-instance, ephemeral indexing in Elasticsearch, then executes a two-stage retrieval: (i) Maximal Marginal Relevance (MMR) to obtain a small, diverse candidate set and (ii) a reader-driven PageRank (PR) re-ranking on a similarity graph to identify a compact, mutually supportive context under a strict token budget. Our design is training-free, privacy-preserving, and reproducible, as each instance is processed through transient indexing to prevent cross-task leakage. We evaluate the pipeline on the AstroQA benchmark for astronomy QA, and demonstrate competitive performance across all difficulty levels. In particular, the RAG-enhanced Mistral-7B achieves 79.49% accuracy and 79.49% F1-score, nearly doubling the performance of its non-RAG counterpart. These results highlight the effectiveness of disciplined retrieval and refinement in boosting domain-specific reasoning, establishing a robust foundation for extending RAG to other scientific fields.