mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

How Well Do Models Follow Their Constitutions?

arXiv 2605.24229 ↗First posted 22 May 2026cs.AIcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Frontier AI developers now train models against long written behavioral specifications, such as Anthropic's constitution (Anthropic, 2025a) and OpenAI's Model Spec (OpenAI, 2025a), integrated into post-training via methods like character training (Anthropic, 2024) and deliberative alignment (Guan et al., 2024). These documents serve a governance function, but it is unclear how well models actually follow them under adversarial, multi-turn pressure similar to what they would face in real-world deployment. We propose a multi-method audit pipeline that treats each lab's published specification as an auditable target: it decomposes the specification into atomic testable tenets (205 for Anthropic, 197 for OpenAI), generates multi-turn adversarial scenarios with the Petri auditing agent (Anthropic, 2025b), runs a modified SURF-style rubric search (Murray et al., 2026) to catch shallow single-turn failures Petri misses, validates flagged transcripts against the relevant specification, and compares the findings against the lab's own published system card. Applying the pipeline across seven models per specification, we find that models follow their own lab's specification substantially better with each generation. On Anthropic's constitution, the Claude family falls from a 15.0% violation rate (Sonnet 4) to 2.0% (Sonnet 4.6); on OpenAI's Model Spec, the GPT family falls from 11.7% (GPT-4o) to 3.6% (GPT-5.2 medium reasoning), with the severity ceiling falling from 10/10 to 7/10. We cannot externally isolate whether these gains come from specification-specific training, broader post-training improvements, or evaluation awareness. Remaining failures cluster around operator-imposed personas under AI-identity questioning, irreversible action in agentic deployments, and fabricated quantitative claims with false precision.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 May 2026.

Builds on

8 of 29 references.

References · 8

  1. 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 2,950
  2. 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 2,914
  3. 2023Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?cited by 1,565
  4. 2022Red Teaming Language Models with Language Modelscited by 983
  5. 2022Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learnedcited by 702
  6. 2024A StrongREJECT for Empty Jailbreakscited by 352
  7. 2024Deliberative Alignment: Reasoning Enables Safer Language Modelscited by 292
  8. 2026Chunky Post-Training: Data Driven Failures of Generalizationcited by 3

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2025Constitution or Collapse? Exploring Constitutional AI with Llama 3-8B
  2. 2026Model Spec Midtraining: Improving How Alignment Training Generalizes
  3. 2025C3AI: Crafting and Evaluating Constitutions for Constitutional AI
  4. 2026The End of the Foundation Model Era: Open-Weight Models, Sovereign AI, and Inference as Infrastructure
  5. 2026AuditBench: Evaluating Alignment Auditing Techniques on Models with Hidden Behaviors
  6. 2026ArchitectureIQ: On the Measure of Training Intuition
  7. 2025AI Alignment at Your Discretion
  8. 2026Thomson: Continual Learning of Frontier Models for SovereignAI