Refining and Reusing Annotation Guidelines for LLM Annotation
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Abstract (arXiv)
While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance on zero-shot annotation tasks, they often struggle with the specialized conventions of gold-standard benchmarks. We propose the systematic reuse and refinement of annotation guidelines as an alignment mechanism, introducing an iterative moderation framework that simulates the early phases of annotation projects. We evaluate three hypotheses: (1) the efficacy of guideline integration, (2) the advantage of reasoning optimized models, and (3) the viability of moderation under minimal supervision. Testing across biomedical NER tasks (NCBI Disease, BC5CDR, BioRED) with three LLM families (GPT, Gemini, DeepSeek), our results empirically confirm all three hypotheses. While the iterative moderation framework shows good potential in effectively refining guidelines, our analysis also reveals substantial room for improvement.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 May 2026.
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11 of 22 references.
References · 11
- 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,205
- 2023ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Taskscited by 849
- 2023JudgeLM: Fine-tuned Large Language Models are Scalable Judgescited by 351
- 2022Is GPT-3 a Good Data Annotator?cited by 208
- 2021Want To Reduce Labeling Cost? GPT-3 Can Helpcited by 196
- 2022BioRED: A Rich Biomedical Relation Extraction Datasetcited by 84
- 2021Named Entity Recognition with Small Strongly Labeled and Large Weakly Labeled Datacited by 18
- 2025Instruction-Tuning LLMs for Event Extraction with Annotation Guidelinescited by 18
- 2020TeamTat: a collaborative text annotation toolcited by 10
- 2023Can Large Language Models Follow Concept Annotation Guidelines? A Case Study on Scientific and Financial Domainscited by 7
- 2025Repurposing Annotation Guidelines to Instruct LLM Annotators: A Case Studycited by 2
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