k-Inductive Neural Barrier Certificates for Unknown Nonlinear Dynamics

While conventional (k=1) discrete-time barrier certificate conditions impose strict safety constraints by requiring the function to be non-increasing at every step, k-inductive barrier certificates relax this by allowing a temporary increase -- up to k-1 times, each within a threshold ε -- while maintaining overall safety, and improving flexibility. This paper leverages neural networks and constructs k-inductive neural barrier certificates (k-NBCs) for (partially) unknown nonlinear systems. While neural networks offer scalability in the design process, they lack formal guarantees, requiring additional approaches such as counterexample-guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) with satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) for verification. However, the CEGIS-SMT framework requires knowledge of system dynamics, which is unavailable in practical settings. To address this, we leverage the generalization of the Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma, using a single state trajectory, to construct a data-driven representation of (partially) unknown models for SMT verification without sacrificing accuracy. Additionally, CEGIS-SMT further removes the constraint of restricting barrier certificates to specific function classes, such as sum-of-squares, enabling greater flexibility in their design. We validate our approach on three nonlinear case studies with (partially) unknown dynamics.