Cochise: A Reference Harness for Autonomous Penetration Testing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent work on LLM-driven autonomous penetration testing reports promising results, but existing systems often bundle architectural, prompting, and tool-integration choices together. This makes it difficult to determine what is gained over a simple agent and harness. We present Cochise, a 630 LOC Python reference implementation for autonomous penetration-testing experiments. Cochise connects to a Linux execution host over SSH and supports attacking controlled target environments reachable from that jump host. The prototype implements a Planner--Executor architecture in which long-term state is maintained by the planner, while a ReAct-style executor issues commands over SSH and self-corrects based on command outputs. The scenario prompt can be adapted to different target environments. We evaluate the harness against a live third-party testbed, Game of Active Directory (GOAD). Cochise is intended not as a state-of-the-art penetration-testing agent, but as a reusable experimental infrastructure for comparing models, agent architectures, and penetration-testing traces. Alongside the prototype, we release replay and analysis tools: (i) cochise-replay for offline visualization of captured runs, (ii) cochise-analyze-logs and cochise-analyze-graphs for cost, token, duration, and compromise analysis, and (iii) a corpus of JSON trajectory logs from GOAD runs, so that researchers can study agent behavior without provisioning the 48--64 GB RAM / 190 GB storage testbed themselves. Tool demo video available at https://youtu.be/2mQimB1ufyI.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 11 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 May 2026.
Builds on
6 of 11 references.
References · 6
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
- 2023Getting pwn'd by AI: Penetration Testing with Large Language Modelscited by 82
- 2025Incalmo: An Autonomous LLM-assisted System for Red Teaming Multi-Host Networkscited by 17
- 2025CAI: An Open, Bug Bounty-Ready Cybersecurity AIcited by 13
- 2025Can LLMs Hack Enterprise Networks? Autonomous Assumed Breach Penetration-Testing Active Directory Networkscited by 12
- 2026What Makes a Good LLM Agent for Real-world Penetration Testing?cited by 8
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.
3 papers.
- 2026The Ethics of Autonomous AI Agents for Offensive Securitycited by 1
- 2026From Capability to Assurance in Autonomous Penetration-Testing Harnesses: A Framework and Reference Implementationcited by 1
- 2026Toward Secure AI-Powered Penetration Testing Agents: Security Threats, Guardrails, and Architectural Perspectivescited by 0
- 2026From Capability to Assurance in Autonomous Penetration-Testing Harnesses: A Framework and Reference Implementation19 Sep 2026
- 2026Toward Secure AI-Powered Penetration Testing Agents: Security Threats, Guardrails, and Architectural Perspectives15 Sep 2026
- 2026The Ethics of Autonomous AI Agents for Offensive Security22 Jul 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Baselines Before Architecture: Evaluating Coding Agents for Autonomous Penetration Testing
- 2024HackSynth: LLM Agent and Evaluation Framework for Autonomous Penetration Testing
- 2026APT-Agent: Automated Penetration Testing using Large Language Models
- 2025RapidPen: Fully Automated IP-to-Shell Penetration Testing with LLM-based Agents
- 2026ASEval: Automated Trajectory-Level Security Testing for Autonomous Agents
- 2025xOffense: An Autonomous Multi-Agent Framework for Penetration Testing with Domain-Adapted Large Language Models
- 2025AutoPentest: Enhancing Vulnerability Management With Autonomous LLM Agents
- 2026Calibrated Decision Models for Autonomous Penetration-Testing Harnesses: JEV and Laya as System One Decision Layers for LLM-Driven Pentest Agents