mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MIPIAD: Multilingual Indirect Prompt Injection Attack Defense with Qwen -- TF-IDF Hybrid and Meta-Ensemble Learning

arXiv 2605.07269 ↗First posted 8 May 2026cs.CL cs.LGcited by 1

On the map: Retrieval-augmented generation → Privacy and security of RAG

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Abstract (arXiv)

Indirect prompt injection remains a persistent weakness in retrieval-augmented and tool-using LLM systems, and the problem becomes harder to characterise in multilingual settings. We present MIPIAD, a defense framework evaluated on English and Bangla that combines a sequence classifier fine-tuned from Qwen2.5-1.5B via LoRA (XLPID), TF-IDF lexical features, and validation-tuned ensembling through late fusion, stacking, and gradient boosting. The framework is evaluated on a synthetic benchmark built from BIPIA(Yi et al., 2023) templates spanning five task families -- email, table, QA, abstract, and code-comprising over 1.43 million generated samples, with train and test splits using mutually exclusive attack categories. Across the experiments, lexical signals prove strong (TF-IDF+SVM F1=0.77), and the hybrid XLPID+TF-IDF ensemble achieves the best overall F1 (0.9205) while the Boosting Ensemble achieves the best AUROC (0.9378). Ensemble methods consistently reduce the English-Bangla cross-lingual gap relative to standalone neural models. The pipeline is designed for extensibility: NLLB-200 supports over 200 languages and XLPID's multilingual backbone can be retargeted to additional languages without architectural changes; empirical validation is currently limited to English and Bangla

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Privacy and security of RAG, one of 15 directions in Retrieval-augmented generation. Builds on 10 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 May 2026.

Builds on

10 of 15 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Defending against Indirect Prompt Injection by Instruction Detection8 May

Other references · 9

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  3. 2023Not what you've signed up for: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injectioncited by 1,443
  4. 2022No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translationcited by 1,312
  5. 2022Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Modelscited by 832
  6. 2023SmoothLLM: Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attackscited by 469
  7. 2024Defending Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks With Spotlightingcited by 267
  8. 2023Benchmarking and Defending Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks on Large Language Modelscited by 264
  9. 2025LLMail-Inject: A Dataset from a Realistic Adaptive Prompt Injection Challengecited by 21

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  1. 2024Automatic and Universal Prompt Injection Attacks against Large Language Models
  2. 2025Sentra-Guard: A Real-Time Multilingual Defense Against Adversarial LLM Prompts
  3. 2024Applying Pre-trained Multilingual BERT in Embeddings for Improved Malicious Prompt Injection Attacks Detection
  4. 2024Defense Against Prompt Injection Attack by Leveraging Attack Techniques
  5. 2026Overcoming the Retrieval Barrier: Indirect Prompt Injection in the Wild for LLM Systems
  6. 2026AttackEval: A Systematic Empirical Study of Prompt Injection Attack Effectiveness Against Large Language Models
  7. 2025Multilingual Collaborative Defense for Large Language Models
  8. 2025A Critical Evaluation of Defenses against Prompt Injection Attacks