MIPIAD: Multilingual Indirect Prompt Injection Attack Defense with Qwen -- TF-IDF Hybrid and Meta-Ensemble Learning
On the map: Retrieval-augmented generation → Privacy and security of RAG
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Abstract (arXiv)
Indirect prompt injection remains a persistent weakness in retrieval-augmented and tool-using LLM systems, and the problem becomes harder to characterise in multilingual settings. We present MIPIAD, a defense framework evaluated on English and Bangla that combines a sequence classifier fine-tuned from Qwen2.5-1.5B via LoRA (XLPID), TF-IDF lexical features, and validation-tuned ensembling through late fusion, stacking, and gradient boosting. The framework is evaluated on a synthetic benchmark built from BIPIA(Yi et al., 2023) templates spanning five task families -- email, table, QA, abstract, and code-comprising over 1.43 million generated samples, with train and test splits using mutually exclusive attack categories. Across the experiments, lexical signals prove strong (TF-IDF+SVM F1=0.77), and the hybrid XLPID+TF-IDF ensemble achieves the best overall F1 (0.9205) while the Boosting Ensemble achieves the best AUROC (0.9378). Ensemble methods consistently reduce the English-Bangla cross-lingual gap relative to standalone neural models. The pipeline is designed for extensibility: NLLB-200 supports over 200 languages and XLPID's multilingual backbone can be retargeted to additional languages without architectural changes; empirical validation is currently limited to English and Bangla
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Privacy and security of RAG, one of 15 directions in Retrieval-augmented generation. Builds on 10 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 May 2026.
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Other references · 9
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2023Not what you've signed up for: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injectioncited by 1,443
- 2022No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translationcited by 1,312
- 2022Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Modelscited by 832
- 2023SmoothLLM: Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attackscited by 469
- 2024Defending Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks With Spotlightingcited by 267
- 2023Benchmarking and Defending Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks on Large Language Modelscited by 264
- 2025LLMail-Inject: A Dataset from a Realistic Adaptive Prompt Injection Challengecited by 21
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
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- 2024Applying Pre-trained Multilingual BERT in Embeddings for Improved Malicious Prompt Injection Attacks Detection
- 2024Defense Against Prompt Injection Attack by Leveraging Attack Techniques
- 2026Overcoming the Retrieval Barrier: Indirect Prompt Injection in the Wild for LLM Systems
- 2026AttackEval: A Systematic Empirical Study of Prompt Injection Attack Effectiveness Against Large Language Models
- 2025Multilingual Collaborative Defense for Large Language Models
- 2025A Critical Evaluation of Defenses against Prompt Injection Attacks