mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A geometric relation of the error introduced by sampling a language model's output distribution to its internal state

arXiv 2605.04899 ↗First posted 6 May 2026cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

GPT-style language models are sensitive to single-token changes at generation points where the predicted probability distribution is spread across multiple tokens. Viewing this sensitivity as a geometric property, we derive an mathfrakso(n)-valued 1-form that depends only on the geometry of the token embeddings. Despite this purely geometric origin, we show that its curvature is semantically meaningful: On chess reasoning tasks, the curvature couples to the world model of an off-the-shelf instruction-tuned model, with transformations clustering by board region and respecting piece importance. Our findings suggest that token space geometry directly reflects how models internally represent problems.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2026.

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15 of 25 references.

References · 15

  1. 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,881
  2. 2019Root Mean Square Layer Normalizationcited by 1,425
  3. 2021Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivitycited by 1,122
  4. 2023Semantic Uncertainty: Linguistic Invariances for Uncertainty Estimation in Natural Language Generationcited by 795
  5. 2023Eliciting Latent Predictions from Transformers with the Tuned Lenscited by 579
  6. 2022Emergent World Representations: Exploring a Sequence Model Trained on a Synthetic Taskcited by 417
  7. 2023Emergent Linear Representations in World Models of Self-Supervised Sequence Modelscited by 313
  8. 2023How Language Model Hallucinations Can Snowballcited by 310
  9. 2023Language Models Represent Space and Timecited by 306
  10. 2024Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Without Promptingcited by 208
  11. 2021Chess as a Testbed for Language Model State Trackingcited by 69
  12. 2024Emergent World Models and Latent Variable Estimation in Chess-Playing Language Modelscited by 60
3 more
  1. 2023What's the Magic Word? A Control Theory of LLM Promptingcited by 41
  2. 2023Linear Latent World Models in Simple Transformers: A Case Study on Othello-GPTcited by 15
  3. 2025The Curved Spacetime of Transformer Architecturescited by 5

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  1. 2026Cliff Tokens: Identifying Single-Token Failure Triggers in LLM Mathematical Reasoning
  2. 2025The Geometry of Reasoning: Flowing Logics in Representation Space
  3. 2026TokEval: A Tokenizer Evaluation Suite
  4. 2025Beyond Accuracy: A Geometric Stability Analysis of Large Language Models in Chess Evaluation
  5. 2026Geometric Deviation as an Unsupervised Pre-Generation Reliability Signal: Probing LLM Representations for Answerability
  6. 2026The Geometric Price of Discrete Logic: Context-driven Manifold Dynamics of Number Representations
  7. 2025Reliable Proof Generation with LLMs via Analogical Retrieval and Symbolic Verification: A Case Study in Euclidean Geometry
  8. 2026Decoding in Geometry: Alleviating Embedding-Space Crowding for Complex Reasoning