mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

When AI Speaks, Whose Values Does It Express? A Cross-Cultural Audit of Individualism-Collectivism Bias in Large Language Models

arXiv 2604.22153 ↗First posted 24 Apr 2026cs.CL cs.AI cs.CYcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

When you ask an AI assistant for advice about your career, your marriage, or a conflict with your family, does it give you the same answer regardless of where you are from? We tested this systematically by presenting three leading AI systems (Claude Sonnet 4.5, GPT-5.4, and Gemini 2.5 Flash) with ten real-life personal dilemmas, framed for users from 10 countries across 5 continents in 7 languages (n=840 scored responses). We compared AI advice against World Values Survey Wave 7 data measuring what people in each country actually believe. All three AI systems consistently gave Western-style, individualist advice even to users from societies that prioritize family, community, and authority, significantly more so than local values would predict (mean gap +0.76 on a 1-5 scale; t=15.65, p<0.001). The gap is largest for Nigeria (+1.85) and India (+0.82). Japan is the sole exception: AI systems treated Japanese users as more group-oriented than surveys show, revealing that AI encodes outdated stereotypes. Claude and GPT-5.4 show nearly identical bias magnitude, while Gemini is lower but still significant. The models diverge in mechanism: Claude shifts further collectivist in the user's native language; Gemini shifts more individualist; GPT-5.4 responds only to stated country identity. These findings point to a systemic homogenization of values across frontier AI. Data, code, and scoring pipeline are openly released.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2026.

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5 of 15 references.

References · 5

  1. 2023Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Studycited by 203
  2. 2022Probing Pre-Trained Language Models for Cross-Cultural Differences in Valuescited by 147
  3. 2024LLM-GLOBE: A Benchmark Evaluating the Cultural Values Embedded in LLM Outputcited by 27
  4. 2024Cultural Palette: Pluralising Culture Alignment via Multi-agent Palettecited by 14
  5. 2026Distributional Open-Ended Evaluation of LLM Cultural Value Alignment Based on Value Codebookcited by 1

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