mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MoE-nD: Per-Layer Mixture-of-Experts Routing for Multi-Axis KV Cache Compression

arXiv 2604.17695 ↗First posted 20 Apr 2026cs.LG cs.CLcited by 2

On the map: Mixture-of-experts → MoE large language models

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

KV cache memory is the dominant bottleneck for long-context LLM inference. Existing compression methods each act on a single axis of the four-dimensional KV tensor -- token eviction (sequence), quantization (precision), low-rank projection (head dimension), or cross-layer sharing -- but apply the same recipe to every layer. We show that this homogeneity leaves accuracy on the table: different layers respond very differently to each compression operation, and the optimal per-layer mix of eviction and quantization is far from uniform. We propose MoE-nD, a mixture-of-experts framework that routes each layer to its own (eviction-ratio, K-bits, V-bits) tuple under a global memory budget. An offline-calibrated greedy solver chooses the routing that minimizes predicted quality loss; at inference time, per-layer heterogeneous eviction and quantization are applied jointly through a single attention patch. On a 4-task subset of LongBench-v1 (16k inputs, n=50 per task, adapted reasoning-model protocol; see section Experiments), MoE-nD's hetero variant matches our uncompressed 1.9~GB baseline at 14x compression (136~MB) while every other compressed baseline we tested (1d, 2d_uniform, 2d) at comparable or smaller memory stays under 8/100. The gains hold on AIME reasoning benchmarks (+6 to +27 pts over the strongest per-layer-quantization baseline across eight configurations). Two null results -- MATH-500 and LongBench's TREC -- share a principled cause (short inputs, solver picks keep=1.0 on most layers), cleanly characterizing when per-layer eviction routing has headroom to help.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in MoE large language models, one of 12 directions in Mixture-of-experts. Builds on 16 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2026.

Builds on

16 of 25 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer23 Jan

Other references · 15

  1. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  2. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
  3. 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,703
  4. 2023Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinkscited by 2,186
  5. 2023LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understandingcited by 1,417
  6. 2024SnapKV: LLM Knows What You are Looking for Before Generationcited by 880
  7. 2023H2O: Heavy-Hitter Oracle for Efficient Generative Inference of Large Language Modelscited by 832
  8. 2024KVQuant: Towards 10 Million Context Length LLM Inference with KV Cache Quantizationcited by 591
  9. 2023Scissorhands: Exploiting the Persistence of Importance Hypothesis for LLM KV Cache Compression at Test Timecited by 439
  10. 2024Ada-KV: Optimizing KV Cache Eviction by Adaptive Budget Allocation for Efficient LLM Inferencecited by 235
  11. 2024Reducing Transformer Key-Value Cache Size with Cross-Layer Attentioncited by 131
  12. 2024QAQ: Quality Adaptive Quantization for LLM KV Cachecited by 66
3 more
  1. 2025R-KV: Redundancy-aware KV Cache Compression for Reasoning Modelscited by 54
  2. 2026TriAttention: Efficient Long Reasoning with Trigonometric KV Compressioncited by 21
  3. 2024MiniKV: Pushing the Limits of LLM Inference via 2-Bit Layer-Discriminative KV Cachecited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

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Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026KVSculpt: KV Cache Compression as Distillation
  2. 2025LAVa: Layer-wise KV Cache Eviction with Dynamic Budget Allocation
  3. 2024SqueezeAttention: 2D Management of KV-Cache in LLM Inference via Layer-wise Optimal Budget
  4. 2025KVCompose: Efficient Structured KV Cache Compression with Composite Tokens
  5. 2026A JoLT for the KV cache: Near-Lossless KV Cache Compression via Joint Rank-bit Allocation
  6. 2025ReFreeKV: Towards Threshold-Free KV Cache Compression
  7. 2026Tailoring the Quantization Space for 1-Bit KV Cache Compression
  8. 2026FreqDepthKV: Frequency-Guided Depth Sharing for Robust KV Cache Compression in Long-Context LLM Inference