DeEscalWild: A Real-World Benchmark for Automated De-Escalation Training with SLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Effective de-escalation is critical for law enforcement safety and community trust, yet traditional training methods lack scalability and realism. While Large Language Models (LLMs) enable dynamic, open-ended simulations, their substantial computational footprint renders them impractical for deployment on the lightweight, portable hardware required for immersive field training. Small Language Models (SLMs) offer a viable real-time alternative but suffer from a critical scarcity of high-quality, domain-specific training data. To bridge this gap, we present DeEscalWild, a novel benchmark dataset curated from a multi-stage pipeline of in-the-wild police-civilian interactions extracted from publicly available video repositories. Starting with 5,000 raw inputs, we employed a rigorous hybrid filtering process combining human-in-the-loop verification with LLM-as-a-Judge evaluation to distill 1,500 high-fidelity scenarios. The resulting corpus comprises 285,887 dialogue turns, totaling approximately 4.7 million tokens. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SLMs fine-tuned on this data significantly outperform their base counterparts across ROUGE-L, BLEU-4, METEOR, BERTScore, Realism Score, and human evaluation metrics. Notably, our fine-tuned Qwen 2.5 (3B-Instruct) surpasses the general-purpose Gemini 2.5 Flash model when evaluated under equivalent conditions, demonstrating that domain-optimized SLMs can achieve superior performance with a fraction of the computational cost. This work establishes the foundational infrastructure for accessible, low-latency, and privacy-preserving officer training systems at the edge. We publicly release our code(https://github.com/Hasebul/DeEscalWild-Benchmark-Framework) and dataset(https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CWMCZI).
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References · 10
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
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- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
- 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,796
- 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,568
- 2024Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Sizecited by 1,998
- 2023Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectivescited by 257
- 2023Small Models are Valuable Plug-ins for Large Language Modelscited by 42
- 2024Comparing Specialised Small and General Large Language Models on Text Classification: 100 Labelled Samples to Achieve Break-Even Performancecited by 18
- 2025Towards AI-Driven Policing: Interdisciplinary Knowledge Discovery from Police Body-Worn Camera Footagecited by 5
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