HTAA: Enhancing LLM Planning via Hybrid Toolset Agentization & Adaptation
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling
Abstract (arXiv)
Enabling large language models to scale and reliably use hundreds of tools is critical for real-world applications, yet challenging due to the inefficiency and error accumulation inherent in flat tool-calling architectures. To address this, we propose Hybrid Toolset Agentization & Adaptation (HTAA), a hierarchical framework for scalable tool-use planning. We propose a novel toolset agentization paradigm, which encapsulates frequently co-used tools into specialized agent tools, thereby reducing the planner's action space and mitigating redundancy. To ensure effective coordination, we design Asymmetric Planner Adaptation, a trajectory-based training paradigm that aligns the high-level planner with agent tools via backward reconstruction and forward refinement. To validate the performance of HTAA, we conduct experiments on a real-world internal dataset, InfoVerify, based on the POI validation workflow of China's largest online large-scale ride-hailing platform, featuring long-horizon executable tool trajectories. Experiments on InfoVerify and widely-used benchmarks show that HTAA consistently achieves higher task success rates, requires short tool calling trajectories, and significantly reduces context overhead compared to strong baselines. Furthermore, in a production deployment, HTAA substantially reduces manual validation effort and operational cost, demonstrating its practical efficacy.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 23 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2026.
Builds on
23 of 29 references.
Closest ancestors · 9
Same direction, newest first
- 2025TTPA: Token-level Tool-use Preference Alignment Training Framework with Fine-grained Evaluation26 May
- 2025Divide-Then-Aggregate: An Efficient Tool Learning Method via Parallel Tool Invocation21 Jan
- 2024ToolACE: Winning the Points of LLM Function Calling2 Sep
- 2023MINT: Evaluating LLMs in Multi-turn Interaction with Tools and Language Feedback19 Sep
- 2023Confucius: Iterative Tool Learning from Introspection Feedback by Easy-to-Difficult Curriculum27 Aug
- 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs31 Jul
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
- 2023API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMs14 Apr
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools9 Feb
Other references · 14
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
- 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
- 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,267
- 2024TravelPlanner: A Benchmark for Real-World Planning with Language Agentscited by 392
- 2025ToolRL: Reward is All Tool Learning Needscited by 362
- 2025APIGen-MT: Agentic Pipeline for Multi-Turn Data Generation via Simulated Agent-Human Interplaycited by 167
- 2023On the Tool Manipulation Capability of Open-source Large Language Modelscited by 122
- 2023Opportunities and Challenges for ChatGPT and Large Language Models in Biomedicine and Healthcited by 118
- 2024Advancing Tool-Augmented Large Language Models: Integrating Insights from Errors in Inference Treescited by 38
- 2024StepTool: Enhancing Multi-Step Tool Usage in LLMs via Step-Grained Reinforcement Learningcited by 25
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- 2026ToolTree: Efficient LLM Agent Tool Planning via Dual-Feedback Monte Carlo Tree Search and Bidirectional Pruning
- 2026PDEU-Bench: Benchmarking the Personalized Planning Lifecycle of Tool-Calling LLM Agents
- 2025Adaptive Domain Modeling with Language Models: A Multi-Agent Approach to Task Planning
- 2026Internalizing Tool Knowledge in Small Language Models via QLoRA Fine-Tuning
- 2026PlanBench-XL: Evaluating Long-Horizon Planning of LLM Tool-Use Agents in Large-Scale Tool Ecosystems
- 2025T1: A Tool-Oriented Conversational Dataset for Multi-Turn Agentic Planning
- 2026GRASP: Generating, Revising, and Assessing for Strategic Planning with Agentic AI
- 2025Plan-and-Act: Improving Planning of Agents for Long-Horizon Tasks