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CAMO: A Class-Aware Minority-Optimized Ensemble for Robust Language Model Evaluation on Imbalanced Data

arXiv 2604.07583 ↗First posted 8 Apr 2026cs.CL cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Real-world categorization is severely hampered by class imbalance because traditional ensembles favor majority classes, which lowers minority performance and overall F1-score. We provide a unique ensemble technique for imbalanced problems called CAMO (Class-Aware Minority-Optimized).Through a hierarchical procedure that incorporates vote distributions, confidence calibration, and inter model uncertainty, CAMO dynamically boosts underrepresented classes while preserving and amplifying minority forecasts. We verify CAMO on two highly unbalanced, domain-specific benchmarks: the DIAR-AI/Emotion dataset and the ternary BEA 2025 dataset. We benchmark against seven proven ensemble algorithms using eight different language models (three LLMs and five SLMs) under zero-shot and fine-tuned settings .With refined models, CAMO consistently earns the greatest strict macro F1-score, setting a new benchmark. Its benefit works in concert with model adaptation, showing that the best ensemble choice depends on model properties .This proves that CAMO is a reliable, domain-neutral framework for unbalanced categorization.

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References · 19

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
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  2. 2021Measuring Conversational Uptake: A Case Study on Student-Teacher Interactionscited by 44
  3. 2024Stepwise Verification and Remediation of Student Reasoning Errors with Large Language Model Tutorscited by 39
  4. 2025Findings of the BEA 2025 Shared Task on Pedagogical Ability Assessment of AI-powered Tutorscited by 16
  5. 2025A Systematic Evaluation of LLM Strategies for Mental Health Text Analysis: Fine-tuning vs. Prompt Engineering vs. RAGcited by 14
  6. 2025MSA at BEA 2025 Shared Task: Disagreement-Aware Instruction Tuning for Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of LLMs as Math Tutorscited by 4
  7. 2025Two-Stage Reasoning-Infused Learning: Improving Classification with LLM-Generated Reasoningcited by 4

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